Critically assess Wildavksy's theory of the two presidencies (one Essay

Basically evaluate Wildavksy's hypothesis of the two administrations (one outside and one household) regarding at any rate two spe - Essay Example Be that as it may, in their residential and international strategies, they varied enormously in objectives, systems, and core interests. Every president confronted an alternate world: President Kennedy experienced a country during the 1960s in which the United States needed to shield itself against the danger of atomic obliteration and the plague of Communism though President Obama confronted a general public in 2009 desolated with its most noticeably awful monetary emergency and money related vulnerability in its history. In choosing the debut talks of these two unmistakable presidents, this paper will dissect Wildavsky’s double administration hypothesis, looking both at their household and international strategies. Investigation of the Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961) The 1960s introduced a time in American history that would extraordinarily challenge its residents, who might address on each level the very establishments of the United States. It was a country that had sh ielded its transcendent situation since World War II as the best nation on the planet, which matched in force and impact the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R). The country readily grasped, with great affection and energized expectation, the appointment of the fiery and alluring Catholic congressperson as their new president, who caused them to feel youthful and lively and epitomized the best any desires for Americans to keep up their national and worldwide superiority. President Kennedy looked for the United States to accept its worldwide strategic being the pioneer of the free world and human rights (Whitehouse 2011). In his debut discourse (See Appendix I) of 1961, President John F. Kennedy, who turned into the thirty-fifth leader of the United States, enunciated the essential issues and arrangements that his organization would address during his administration. His discourse exemplified three significant subjects: 1). appeasing tone, 2). accentuation on remote issues/ arrangements, 3). energetic/nationalistic beliefs. Investigation of the Inaugural Speech of President John F. Kennedy (1961) The principal boss topic of the discourse of President Kennedy mirrored his placating tone. Utilizing compelling explanatory language, he utilizes placating action words, for example, â€Å"pledge† (which he utilized again and again) in his showstopper. He refers to the action word â€Å"pledge† multiple times all through his discourse. What message would he say he is attempting to pass on to his crowd by continually utilizing the action word â€Å"pledge†? â€Å"Pledge† intended to submit unequivocally to a reason, place, perfect, country, individual, association, and so forth. As a guarantee, pledge, or promise, the action word, â€Å"pledge,† spoke to a word stacked with obvious and denotative implications. Indeed, even the American song of praise utilized the word â€Å"pledge† in its initial sentence, for example â€Å"we vow devotion to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  President Kennedy utilizes this logical gadget to bring out among his kindred Americans-the opinions of patriotism and enthusiasm to the country. Additionally, by communicating with the word â€Å"pledge,† he likewise shows his mollifying tone in his discourse. What is he swearing to his kin? He vows to keep up a free country and world. He likewise utilizes other mellow and propitiatory action words all through his discourse, for example, â€Å"ask,† â€Å"explore,† â€Å"begin,† â€Å"offer,† â€Å"formulate,† â€Å"seek,† â€Å"unite,† â€Å"join,† and so forth. (Kennedy, 1961, pp. 1-3). For what reason did President Kennedy receive this propitiatory explanatory gadgets

Competitive Strategies and Government Policies Essay

Serious Strategies and Government Policies - Essay Example In spite of the fact that ongoing advancements are constraining vehicle produces to either advance or lose, most have reacted with the readiness to hold their pieces of the overall industry later on too. Newcomers, Mergers and Globalization A level merger among Porsche and Volkswagen (VW) occurred on 5 July 2012. VW purchased half of Porsche’s tasks for â‚ ¬4.4 billion and â€Å"one VW common offer for the 50.1pc of Porsche’s vehicle making exercises that it doesn't as of now own† (Osborne, 2012). Because of the merger, Porsche’s 911 games vehicle turned into a piece of VW extravagance vehicle creation of marques Bentley and Bugatti, spending brand Skoda, just as of the MAN and Scania truckmakers (Osboren, 2012). This merger was level, as both of these organizations have an offer in the all out worldwide vehicle deals. The merger was not announced enemy of †serious due to companies’ pieces of the overall industry. As per Farrell and Shapiro (1990), even mergers are of extraordinary worry to specialists as some through expanded piece of the pie take part in uncompetitive conduct, for example, more significant expenses (p.107). Porsche vehicles involved just 0.2 percent of the pieces of the pie as far as deals in the United States in December 2012 (The Wall Street Journal, 2013). VW contained 3.2 percent (The Wall Street Journal, 2013). ... Other than mergers, new organizations have been entering the vehicle business. With late changes in innovation and ecological mindfulness, new organizations taking a stab at a bigger piece of the pie have a place with the electrical vehicle area of the car business. Such is Coda Motor Company (2013). There are extra electrical vehicle makers, for example, Tesla Motors (Tesla Motors, 2013), Wheego Electric Cars (2013), Venturi (2013) and Saba Motors (2009). In any case, these organizations, paying little heed to how imaginative they are, are influenced by globalization. As indicated by the exchange models, nations with lower work expenses can create similar merchandise at a lower cost than those with higher, accordingly moving low gifted creation exercises to the previous (Nunnenkamp and Spatz, 2002, p.5). In spite of the fact that the vehicle businesses are exceptionally capital and human capital serious, creation began moving to less expensive nations with an ascent in outside direc t speculation (Nunnenkamp and Spatz, 2002, p.9). Subsequently, under 70 percent of creation happens these days in created nations, including the customary makers, for example, Japan, the United States and Germany (Nunnenkamp and Spatz, 2002, p.5). The least serious kinds of creation happen in creating nations. For instance, German organizations produce car parts locally, however motors are delivered abroad (Nunnenkamp and Spatz, 2002, p.5). In this way, there are new providers of cars. Because of the less expensive work, the European outskirts (Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland), Central and Eastern Europe, China and a few other industrializing Asian nations, and Mexico among different nations, have been delivering vehicle parts since the 1980’s (Nunnenkamp and Spatz, 2002, p.6, 41). By 1998, Latin American countries’ piece of the overall industry added up to

5 Personal Loan Dangers (and How to Avoid Them!)

5 Personal Loan Dangers (and How to Avoid Them!) 5 Personal Loan Dangers (And How To Avoid Them!) 5 Personal Loan Dangers (And How To Avoid Them!)A personal loan is like a trail map: Use it correctly and you can reach your financial destination. Use it incorrectly, and you can fall further into debt.The summer is a fantastic time of year to go for a hike. After all, who doesn’t love the smell of fresh pine needles, mountain flowers and… is that a skunk? Any experienced hiker will tell you that going for a long hike without knowing what to expect can be pretty dangerous.Just like hiking, taking out a personal loan requires knowing the hazards. Learn how to avoid these five personal loan dangers before selecting a lender.1. Taking out a loan for the wrong reasonIf you’re considering a personal loan, be sure to explore all of your options before borrowing. Maybe you have a friend or family member that could lend you money. Perhaps your employer wouldn’t mind advancing you some cash. Could you pick up some extra hours or a part-time job to get the money you need?If you only n eed a small amount of money, a personal loan probably isn’t your best option. However, if you’re dealing with a high-cost emergency  high-cost emergency, like a car repair or medical bill, then you may very well need it.Before you borrow, ask yourself if the money you’re requesting is for a need or a want. Paying for a sweet new mountain bike? That’s a want. You don’t actually need it. But paying the ER bill for the broken leg you suffered while riding your sweet new mountain bike? That’s most definitely a need.(And if you are dealing with a serious high-cost emergencyâ€"and we hope youre notâ€"check out our blog post on  how to handle major financial emergencies.)2. Taking the first loan you’re offeredIt’s 2016! The American consumer has more power now than ever before. In the past, we may have believed what we were told on television, in the newspaper, and on the radio. But now, thanks to the internet, it’s the people who have the power.Check out the The OppLoans Guide to Safe Personal Loans for tips on what to look for in both a loan and a lender. And remember: if you don’t like what one lender is offering, then you should look for a better offer! And don’t just check out a company’s loans, look at their ratings and customer reviews, too. Do their customers like working with them? Are they reasonable, friendly, responsible? Are they accredited by the Better Business Bureau? Read their customer reviews on sites like Google and Lending Tree.If you were buying camping gear for a multi-day hike, you wouldn’t just buy the first tent you saw. The same goes for a personal loan. Taking some time to shop around for the best possible loan could end up saving you a lot of time, money, and hassle.3. Skipping the fine printSome lenders may try to pressure you into signing in a hurry. They may want you to miss certain details like additional fees and charges. Make sure that you read the entire contract before you sign it. Plus, the very fact tha t a lender tried to pressure you is a huge red flag. It’s the rattle that lets you know there’s a snake.If you dont understand something about your loan, ask.The main aspects you’ll want to know before agreeing to the loan are 1)The APR, 2) The length of the term, 3) The amount of your payments, and 4) Whether the interest rate is fixed or variable. A fixed rate means the interest stays the same throughout the life of the loan, while a variable interest rate can go up and down.4. Accepting More Than You NeedAnother tactic that some lenders will employ is offering you more money than what you need. This can lead to higher monthly payments and more money spent in interest and fees. Find out exactly how much you need, and don’t be talked into borrowing more (read more in How to Stay Safe With a Bad Credit Loan).You’ll also want to know how much you can afford in monthly payments. It’s like a hiker knowing how much weight they can carry in their backpack: If your monthly pay ments are more than you can handle, you won’t make it to the end of the trail. The best way to find out how much you can afford is to construct a monthly budget before agreeing to a new loan. If you need help figuring out your budget, check out this awesome budget calculator!5. Payday, Title, Pawn ShopThese three types of loans are widely accepted as some of the riskiest and most expensive options out there. They are often labelled as “predatory loans.” And if there’s one thing you want to do when hiking, it’s avoid predators.All three of these loans tend to come with extremely high interest rates and very unreasonable terms. With a payday loan, you can almost guarantee you’ll be paying an obscene amount in interest and additional fees. And title loans? They require you to use your vehicle as collateral to obtain a high-cost, short-term loan. Many customers end up paying thousands of dollars in interest fees just to avoid losing their car or truck. Lastly, pawn shop loan s are usually very small but come with high interest, short terms, and additional fees.[1]It’s a good idea to avoid these types of lenders. They won’t ever leave you whistling “Happy Trails.” Besides, there are plenty of other safe and affordable options out there. OppLoans for instance, offers borrowers safer personal installment loans with longer terms, and interest rates that are up to 125% less than payday loans. If you’re in need of some quick cash, apply today!References:[1] Lee, Jenna “The Ugly Truth About Payday, Pawn Shop and Car Title Loans” U.S. News. May 25, 2014. Accessed July 20, 2016. AOL.com

The Dark Truth of Literary Censorship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1397 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? Since 1982, there have been over 11,300 banned books throughout the world. Literary censorship is becoming a part of life as people find more problems with the ideas of otherrs works in todayrs world.Ray Bradbury,the author of Fahrenheit 451, develops a story that interprets what society would become if people continue to oppress ideas of other people and become ignorant of what the true meaning of literacy is. Literary censorship is the idea of taking away the thoughts and ideas of a person that may seem obscure or offensive to someone else. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Dark Truth of Literary Censorship" essay for you Create order This leads to the banning or challenging of literature that can completely remove the ideas of an author or writer for the people in that area. Constant removing of such opinions and ideas can lead to people becoming naive of the problems occurring in their society and how to confront them. Bradbury warned future generations to watch out for literary censorship and how it can affect society in a harmful way as Fahrenheit 451 is a direct representation of what society would look like and the problems they people would face. In this generation, people are fighting against literary censorship for the same reason and trying to get people to realize that it has many negative effects Literary censorship is an unhealthy practice that can deprive people of their imagination and ideas which can lead to an ignorant society. Ray Bradbury uses the main character Guy Montag to show how literary censorship can cause many problems within a society. He is a fireman and their job is to burn down houses that have books. One day, he is forcing a lady to leave her house, but she does not move and holds onto her books and burns in the fire. He realizes that these books must have something important in them and then gets consumed in the amount of knowledge and ideas they provide. Montag decides to share his new thoughts on these ideas but realizes how ignorant society has become after books were deemed trivial and wrongful to even have possession of. In the book, Montag comes across a crucial realization when he says, Nobody listens any more. I cant talk to the walls because theyre yelling at me. I cant talk to my wife; she listens to the walls. I just want someone to hear what I have to say(Bradbury 125). Montag realizes that people have no opinions and do not share ideas or have thoughts anymore because they have secluded themselves away from literature which is the core source of ingenuity. People can become too ignorant and would not even be able to have a discussion with other people because nobody would have opinions or views on topics. The burning of the books in Fahrenheit 451 is the equal to the banning of books in our society, and Bradbury is trying to warn the readers that the consequence of this would be that society develops this disregard to open ideas and opinions that no one hase view on anything. Literary censorship would completely wipe out the notion of belief and morals due to its harmful repercussions. Bradbury explains what he was thinking as he was developing Fahrenheit 451 and why the story came out to be as it was. He wanted the book to make his audience realize that the main focus of the book was the loss of individuality and creativity, and he uses Montag to represent what it means to be imaginative and curious. He explains how he uses the character of Beatty to exp lain what the world has become. In the section of how Fahrenheit 451 was created, society is described as, a mindless consumerist society incapable of saving itself from looming nuclear annihilation (Bradbury 182). The society in the book has become mindless and there are no real ideas or motives to do anything, making everyone ignorant of any problems. Literary censorship led to the creation of a society like this and Bradbury warns readers the same would happen to them if they do nothing about it. Humans lose their way of thinking which leads to a society of disregard and loss of imagnitivity. In light of this problem, people in current generations have brought up arguments against the idea of literary censorship to address the problems it can cause. Many people disagree with the idea of literary censorship as they explain how it can be harmful to humankind as a whole. Healey is an activist against banning books and argues that taking away the right to read a works of literature from a person is basically removing the opinions and morals of that person. If a person cannot gain knowledge, then there is no point in them trying to solve a problem because they would not have the ideas to fix it. Healey claims , if we continue to ban books and ignore what some consider taboo topics, we hinder ourselves and our children from finding ways to solve societyrs problems thus hampering the development of our nation as a whole(Neha K. 1). Not only does a person lose their sense of imagination and creativity, they also lose their capability to solve problems, and this can lead to everyone being ignorant. If one cannot solve a problem, then he or she will leave it for someone else to take care of it, but when there is no one to address it, then it becomes the real problem. Problems like this can only hurt humanity as they will grow to a point where they cannot be solved, forcing people to conform with these problems. That is why some have worked to counter censorship such as Paul Ringer. Paul Ringel, a strong supporter of Banned Books Week, and argues that literaturers purpose is to open up a world of imagination and is meant to inspire people. Taking away this literature only has negative effects since it would be taking away creativity from someone. Ringel, a writer for The Atlantic says, curate children with the goals of inspiring rather than obscuring new ideaswith the faith that they will apply those lessons to their own lives(Ringel 12-13). Letting children read this literature will inspire them to strive for their goals and help society, whereas literary censorship would conceal an open world of imagination, which is a major problem. The more ingenuity a person has, the more he can contribute to others and the better humanity can prosper. Literary censorship can prevent people from gaining knowledge that can help them confront problems to help humanity, but some people think it has too man y negative effects. Some people argue that literary censorship is good for the community as these topics may have negative effects on children and that censorship can protect others from harmful ideas and information. Parents argue that young kids are not ready to experience unhealthy topics as it can harm their minds and provide them with damaging information. Kim Heinecke is a mother of four young kids and wrote to her local Superintendent that,It is not a matter of sheltering kids. It is a matter of guiding them toward what is best. We are the adults. It is our job to protect them no matter how unpopular that may seem(Banned Books 2). She argues that it is a parentrs job to protect children from these harmful topics and to censor such topics. Censoring these topics only makes things worse, as the parents are preventing the children from learning about problems in society, so when they confront one, they will have no idea what to do. Banning books or censoring literature not only deprives people of creativity and imagination, but also leaves them unaware of the true state of the world making them ignorant to problems of society. Both Bradburyrs book Fahrenheit 451 and people against censorship illustrates how literary censorship is a destructive concept that can strip away the imagination and creativity of people which leads to an ignorant society. Bradbury argues that society will itself turn ignorant if people do not rise up against the idea of censorship of literature. People who disagree with censorship explain that there are only negative outputs for this practice since it prevents people from understanding the real problems of the real world. Literary censorship is a dangerous idea that is becoming a threat and people in current generations must stand up against it for the better of society.

The Human Obsession Essay - 853 Words

The Human Obsession In most television programs or magazines, depictions of an unrealistic population are portrayed. The images of clean-cut suburbanite family life, portrayed by television in the middle of the twenty-first century, can certainly be joked about now, however, this was only the spark that lit the flame. Families like the Cleaver’s, the Nelson’s, the Osmond’s and the Brady’s were put on screen to show our world what everyone’s life should be like. They had good children, nice homes, and every episode taught some lesson in mortality. Every wife wanted to be just like June or Harriet. Every teenager wanted to be Greg or Marsha. Society felt that they could be like one of these unrealistic characters, possibly have†¦show more content†¦Many search for perfection by undergoing surgery to construct their ideal figure or shape. Due to distorted expectations many are not happy with the results of the surgery. The concept must be understood that surgery will not save a marriage or make someone a super model. The psychological well being of the individual must be evaluated by the physician to determine if the surgery is appropriate for the patient (Sevinor). A major factor of self-esteem is being comfortable with outer appearance. Another major factor of self-esteem is feeling good mentally. Lack of confidence and/or self-esteem due to unsightly features or irregularities drives many people to surgery. The want for cosmetic surgery starts with a quest to change the outside to help satisfy inner feelings. Sevinor points out that â€Å"there is a relationship between self-image and the desire to change one’s looks.† Gaynor’s statement â€Å"beauty may be only ‘skin deep,’ but that thin layer of skin is awfully important in almost all our interactions as human beings† (18) is a bitter reality. The world tends to give attractive people the upper hand. Gaynor declares â€Å"looking as good as possible can remove an often secret barrier to success† (3). He tells of observations when patients underwent surgeries such as face and eyelifts, then received higher paying jobs. Typically, the better-looking person of two people equally qualified that are up for the same job will result in theShow MoreRelatedThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 Pagesand â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narrator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. 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Victor Frankenstein was blinded by curiosity and obsession. Victor Frankenstein would become a victim of his own creation after creating such a being. Frankensein was always obsessed with his work ingoring his family and loved ones:Read MoreHow far do you agree that â€Å"Volpone† is a satire on contemporary society’s obsession with wealth above all else?1622 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Young 12AMP ENGLISH LITERATURE COURSEWORK - VOLPONE HOW FAR DO YOU AGREE THAT VOLPONE IS A SATIRE ON CONTEMPORARY SOCIETYS OBSESSION WITH WEALTH ABOVE ALL ELSE? From the outset, I agree that Volpone is a satire on contemporary societys obsession with wealth above all else. However, there are alternative critical views that should be referred to before final judgement. Jonson heavily emphasises the satirical importance of prosperity in Volpone. This is evident from the openingRead MoreVampires Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesVampires Obsession. 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Time Management Outline Free Essays

Name Date Purpose: Informative #1/ Time Management Introduction 1 Attention 2 What is time management? 1 Understanding time management 2 Why is managing my time efficiently important? 3 What is stealing my time 1 Identify what or who? 2 Learn to handle distractions 3 Be responsible for yourself 4 Am I procrastinating? 2 Credibility 1 Catherine Beecher 1 Advocate for women’s education 2 Emphasize the importance of female labor 1 Guide for time management book 2 Productive activities like education 2 Benjamin Franklin 1 Father’s system for â€Å"Order† Unpredictable claims 3 Dwight D. Eisenhower 3 Lead into the body 1. Time is very effective as a tool, if we know how to use it. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Management Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. How can I know if I am managing my time correctly? Body A. Set goals 1. Mission statement a) What do I value the most? b) What is my life’s purpose a) What legacy do I want to leave to the world? b) What I am doing to accomplish it? 1. Long term goals a) Finish a master’s degree b) Buy a house c) Have a family d) Start my doctorate’s degree 2. Intermediate goals (the next five years) a) Complete my degree b) Find a job ) Travel to Europe d) Graduate with honors 4. Short term goals a) Finish the semester b) Get associate’s degree c) Start a healthy diet d) Buy a car Transitional: Are you doing something to accomplish your goals? A. Use time Effectively 1. Where does your time go? a) Committed time 1) Studying 2) Working 3) Exercise b) Maintenance time 1) Eating 2) Sleeping 3) Grooming c) Discretionary time 1) Relationships ( Intellectual development 1. Where should your time go? a) Urgent priorities 1) Dropping a class 2) Paying fees 3) Turning in paper s ) Important priorities 1) Attending every class 2) Planning tasks 3) Forming healthy relationships c) Ongoing activities 1) Identify if needed 2) Plan a wise time to do them d) Trivial activities 1) Mail 2) Facebook Transitional: Are you using your time effectively to achieve your goals? If the answer was no, there are some strategies that you may want to know. B. Time-Management Strategies 1. Get organized a) Keep a calendar b) Create daily to-do list c) Study everywhere and anywhere d) Prepare the night before 2. Make it simpler ) Do the tough tasks first b) Break projects down into smaller tasks c) Study in short segments d) Study at your high-energy time 3. Keep a positive attitude a) Be flexible b) Patient c) Persistent d) Realistic 4. Control interruptions a) Create an organized place to study b) Determine your optimal time to study c) Create quite time d) Just say no Transition: On the other hand, one cannot forget that we are humans and we have strict needs; such as eating and socializing, for instance the word balance must remain in your life. C. Always in balance 1. Communicate with your family a) Clarify the importance of college b) Create a team work attitude at home 1. Increase physical and emotional energy a) Find relaxing activities b) Get enough rest c) Eat healthy food 2. Create positive time a) Have quality time with your family b) Share ideas and worries c) Listen d) Communicate Transitional: The most difficult task to do is to accept we are doing something wrong, for this reason, Conclusion A. Time Management 1. Help yourself with a daily plan 2. Time can be used to your favor A. Succeed in College and Life . Keep in mind your goals 2. Manage your time to succeed 3. Create a balance life for yourself Resources 1. â€Å"Benjamin Franklin. † A Brief History of Time Management. Inc. Advertisement, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. 2. â€Å"A Treatise on Domestic Economy. † A Brief History of Time Management. Inc. Advertisement, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. 3. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower. † A Brief History of Time Management. Inc. A dvertisement, n. d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. 4. Ferrett, Sharon K. Peak Performance: Success in College beyond. Chicago: Irwin Mirror, 1997. Print. How to cite Time Management Outline, Essays

Matrix Structure free essay sample

Matrix management is a technique of managing an organization (or, more commonly, part of an organization) through a series of dual-reporting relationships instead of a more traditional linear management structure. In contrast to most other organizational structures, which arrange managers and employees by function or product, matrix management combines functional and product departments in a dual authority system. In its simplest form, a matrix configuration may be known as a cross-functional work team, which brings together individuals who report to different parts of the company in order to complete a particular project or task. The term matrix is derived from the representative diagram of a matrix management system, which resembles a rectangular array or grid of functions and product/project groups. The practice is most associated with highly collaborative and complex projects, such as building aircraft, but is also widely used in many product/project management situations. Even when a company does not label its structure a matrix system or represent it as such on an organization chart, there may be an implicit matrix structure any time employees are grouped into work teams (this does not normally include committees, task forces, and the like) that are headed by someone other than their primary supervisor. We will write a custom essay sample on Matrix Structure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the late 1800s and early 1900s, during the U. S. industrial revolution, a need emerged for more formalized structures in large business organizations. The earliest models emphasized efficiency of process through managerial control. Described as mechanistic, those systems were characterized by extensive rules and procedures, centralized authority, and an acute division of labor. They sought to create organizations that mimicked machines, and usually departmentalized workers by function, such as finance and production. Important theories during that era included German sociologist Max Webers (1881-1961) ideal bureaucracy, which was based on absolute authority, logic, and order. During the 1920s and 1930s, new ideas about the structure and nature of organizations began to surface. Inspired by the work of thinkers and behaviorists such as Harvard researcher Elton Mayo, who conducted the famed Hawthorne Experiments, theories about management structure began to incorporate a more humanistic view. Those theoretical organizational structures were classified as organic, and recognized the importance of human behavior and cultural influences in organizations. While the mechanistic school of thought stressed efficiency and production through control, organic models emphasized flexibility and adaptability through employee empowerment. From a structural standpoint, mechanistic organizations tended to be vertical or hierarchical with decisions flowing down through several channels. Organic models, on the other hand, were comparatively flat, or horizontal, and had few managerial levels or centralized controls. Many proponents of organic organizational theory believed it was the solution to the drawbacks of mechanistic organizations. Indeed, mechanistic organizations often stifled human creativity and motivation and were generally insensitive to external influences, such as shifting markets or consumer needs. In contrast, companies that used organic management structures tended to be more responsive and creative. However, many organizations that adopted the organic approach also discovered that, among other drawbacks, it sometimes lacked efficiency and personal accountability and failed to make the most productive use of some workers expertise. As an alternative to basic organic structures, many companies during the mid-1900s embraced a model that minimized the faults and maximized the benefits of different organic management structures, as discussed below. Possibly the first application of what would later be referred to as the matrix structure was employed in 1947 by General Chemicals in its engineering department. In the early 1960s a more formalized matrix method called unit management was implemented by a large number of U. S. hospitals. Not until 1965, however, was matrix management formally recognized. The first organization to design and implement a formal matrix structure was the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA developed a matrix management system for its space program because it needed to simultaneously emphasize several different functions and projects, none of which could be stressed at the expense of another. It found that traditional management structures were too bureaucratic, hierarchical, slow-moving, and inflexible. Likewise, basic organic structures were too departmentalized (i. e. myopic), thus failing to productively use the far-reaching expertise NASA had at its disposal. NASAs matrix solution overcame those problems by synthesizing projects, such as designing a rocket booster, with organizational functions, such as staffing and finance. Despite doubts about its effectiveness in many applications, matrix management gained broad acceptance in the corporate world during the 1970s, eventually achieving fad status. Its popularity continued during the 1980s as a result of economic changes in the United States, which included slowing domestic market growth and increasing foreign competition. Those changes forced many companies to seek the benefits offered by the matrix model.