Unbelievable Horrors

Aorta Criminal Justice Administration 201 American Military University Skinnier Nikkei Abstract In recent years, the lawmakers and criminal Justice experts have conveyed alarm regarding the growing prison population in elder prisons, along with the crumbling prison structures housing these inmates. While a majority of individuals agree this issue warrants immediate attention, the concurrence diminishes about how to attack this problem.A review of decisions set into place with laws, it has become clear that monetary confinements of elder prisons have become invisible barriers to the bargaining table. The paper compares the cost of renovating elder prisons to the costs of creating new facilities. This autopsy of decisions delves into the financial aspects of closing down older structures and whether or not it was cost beneficial. The numerous facilities coming into the â€Å"over-the-hill† age require an extensive examination to prevent monetary waste in the future. A Review of Decisions The dark side of humanity has existed for millennia.Some would contend that murder is the darkest, vial atrocity blanketing humanity. From the first documented Biblical fratricide involving Cain and Able, to recent homicides plaguing the media outlets, mankind has struggled to prevent these unbelievable horrors and reprimand the convicted. Society did not want these individuals roaming freely, as their unspeakable crimes invoked fear in the mind of every law-abiding citizen. Thus, structures were erected to cage the criminals and further prevent crimes against humanity. As time went on, more and more structures were needed to house the influx of criminals.Existing facilities were running beyond capacity and some were in deed of dire repair. The question put forth was, â€Å"Is it financially practical to renovate existing structures or to build entirely new ones? † Additional costs factors, such as food, clothing, healthcare, and educational programs, were itemized and incorporated into that equation. Converting elder prisons with substantial monetary confinements may and may not be the best practical solution. Looking into the closure of the Eastern State Penitentiary the following questions can be answered: 1 .Was it practical to close the Eastern State Penitentiary? 2. Is it financially beneficial to e-open the Eastern State Penitentiary? 3. Why build new facilities? 4. What are the plans for abandoned U. S. Prisons? Understanding the true reason for this prison closure could answer future questions regarding taking a facility out of operation. Whether it is a court-ordered ruling due to cruel and unusual punishment or asbestos issues creating a health concern, it is necessary to truly evaluate the closure and expose monetary waste. Incarceration as a form of punishment was first documented in the 1st millennia BC in the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Suspected or guilty criminals awaited their death sentence or command to be come a slave in underground facilities labeled dungeons. The Ancient Romans adopted even harsher methods of incarceration by building prisons exclusively underground with tight walkways and cells in pitch darkness. (Prison History. N. D. ). Time gave way to incarceration reform and the world's first true prison, the Eastern State Penitentiary, was opened in 1829.Abandoning corporal punishment and harsh treatment of the inmates, the Eastern State Penitentiary was designed with complete and solitary confinement in mind to alp the criminal move to reflection and change their criminal ways. Was it practical to close the Eastern State Penitentiary? Situated on 11 acres near downtown Philadelphia, PA, the Eastern State Penitentiary was considered the most expensive American building during the sass's and soon became the most famous prison in the world.The design, o'clock wings radiating outward from a central rotunda, allowed each o'clock with â€Å"central heat, running water, a flush t oilet, and a skylight. † Additionally, each o'clock had an adjacent â€Å"private out door exercise yard contained by a 10-foot high wall. (U. S. History. Org. N. D. ). Originally built to hold 300 inmates, by the sass's, it was forced to house over 2,000. Due to the costs of the inflated prison population, the subsequent cells, even those built underground, did not have skylights, lighting, or flushing toilets.By the sass's, over 130 years after it was erected, the Eastern State Penitentiary was outdated and in need of extensive repairs. The neo-Gothic exterior has weathered the tests of time; however, the electrical and mechanical systems inside of the prison walls were deteriorating. The monetary resources needed to ring the structure back to its momentum were too vast and in 1971, the state of Pennsylvania closed the doors to the once famous prison. (Woodman, 2008). Is it financially beneficial to re-open the Eastern State Penitentiary?The city of Philadelphia, PA acquire d the title to the Eastern State Penitentiary for $400,000 in 1984. Plans for redevelopment of the site were halted by pleas to then-Mayor Goode and all proposals were rejected for commercial use. In 1988, the first limited tours were given at the abandoned prison. The Pew Charitable Trusts held fundraisers to obtain financial resources for the preservation of the National Historic Landmark. These efforts began in 1991. (Easterner. Org, n. D. ) The trickle of money into the preservation and restoration of the prison filtered in at a snail's pace.With the help of another fundraiser, the Eastern State raised over $5 million dollars in 2009. According to Annie Major, author of â€Å"Do We Really Still Need the Eastern State Penitentiary? â€Å", states $2 million dollars of the $5 million was spent â€Å"to conserve the prison synagogue, the Brillion millions, the print-shop roof, ND sections of the floor, perimeter wall and lights. † (Major, 2011). (One of the reasons the pri son closed was due to the electrical systems needing repair. She expresses concern with the constant money pit of renovations, Just to keep the prison alive for the sake of tours. She feels at this rate, â€Å"the Eastern State could be a century-long, multi-million dollar project; one that will leave in our midst a fully restored, inoperative 19th-century prison. † The plan is not to re-build the prison but the end goal is to keep it in a â€Å"maintainable† ruin. According to the website, Radiochemical. Mom, the prison is a â€Å"safe place to be since it is so old it has no lead paint or asbestos. † (Radiochemical. Com, n. D. ).Imagining the repairs that were completed with $2 million dollars, it isn't difficult to figure out that the costs of bringing the prison back to a full-scale operational facility would take less monetary resources than building a completely new prison. With the absence of asbestos and lead, thereby depleting the need for even more fin ancial resources, bringing the prison back to handle over-crowding in other locations may not take as much money as once suspected. However, that isn't what is currently planned for the state of Pennsylvania. Why build new facilities?The current Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Corbett, and the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Secretary John Went have allocated $400 million dollars on two 4,100-bed facilities and construction has already begun. The elder prison these two are replacing, Aggregated, had accepted the inmates from Eastern State. Governor Corbett and Secretary Wendell will not release the figures it would take to renovate Aggregated, only stating that the state of Pennsylvania will â€Å"save money by alluding more efficient facilities. † (Decelerate PA, n. D. ). The monetary costs of renovating the Eastern State Penitentiary has also been withheld.In the sass's, when the decision was made to close the structure, the future prison population was unforeseen. Alt hough, based on Eastern State's experience with over-crowding, officials at that time knew there would not be enough space to house the influx of inmates. Yet, looking into the possibility of turning the Eastern State Penitentiary into a â€Å"super-Max† prison or a facility house only those on Pennsylvania death row would have been reviewed. The Eastern State prison could also have been used to house only those individuals for short-term prison sentences or the most violent, repeat offenders the state of Pennsylvania has witnessed.Now, there are two existing structures that could very well be renovated at a fraction of the costs of two new facilities. One is still in operation and the other is only open for public tours. Factor in the yearly operating costs statewide of all Pennsylvania prisons, there is a need to drastically curb waste and prevent unnecessary correctional structures. The fiscal year of 2010 brought about a $1. 6 billion dollar price tag for Pennsylvania pri son expenditures. 22% of this figure was outside of the normal prisons operating costs. (Vera. Org, 2012).The average cost, per year, to house over 48,000 inmates was $42,339 per inmate. Adding to the $1. 6 billion dollars is the $400 million for two new facilities, thereby costing the average taxpayer over $3,000. (Vera. Org, 2012). Looking at other ways to significantly decrease the burdens placed on the taxpayers by housing, feeding, educating, and reforming the ballooning prison population, there needs to be a more thorough examination into allocating millions of dollars for new prisons instead of renovating existing structures. What are the plans for abandoned U. S. Prisons?Numerous prison facilities nationwide have been closed and/or abandoned in favor of more modern and spacious correctional facilities. Some of these locations have turned into utter wastelands. Take for instance, the Old Essex County Prison in Newark, N. J. As a testament to time, the unabated decay has turne d into a haven of drug addicts finding refuge in the old prison cells. Condemning the property will not reverent serious injury or death and its negligence is far too severe to be restored structurally. Another location that sits idle is the former Missouri State Penitentiary.This prison opened its doors in 1831 and was fully operational for 168 years. (Longer than the Eastern State Penitentiary. ) It finally closed its doors in 2004. The monetary confinements by the state prevented any type of serious renovations and public tours began in 2006. (As of 01 October 2013, the public tours have been suspended due to a site assessment finding mold in sections of the prison. ) Due to the state of Missouri lading the title to the property and a dwindling economy, the future looks very bleak for â€Å"the bloodiest 47 acres west of the Mississippi. Lastly, the West Virginia State Penitentiary in Mountainside, W. V. Opened for operations 1876. Through its history, the West Virginia State Pe nitentiary made the United States Department of Corrections Top Ten Most Violent Correctional Facilities. In 1986, the West Virginia State Supreme Court ruled that the ex. foots cells were deemed cruel and unusual punishment. 9 years later, in 1995, the West Virginia State Penitentiary closed its doors for good. Today, public tours of the facility are the only operations occurring at this once notorious prison.As structures age and the prison population continues to increase, more and more facilities are being ushered in to deal with this revolving door off problem. Left in the wake are structurally sound buildings with very little to no use to the state or the cities they sit in. Other than daily public tours and haunted houses every Halloween, these buildings could have potential to save the taxpayers of the state millions of dollars annually. Instead of wasteful spending to build new facilities, existing ones an be renovated to comply with current federal and state laws at half t he cost.

Parallel Situations Drawn Between King Lear and Gloucester

In what ways does Shakespeare draw parallel situations between King Lear and Earl of Gloucester, and how are the characters similar in the play (specifically Act 1)? While examining Lear and Gloucester, there are obvious similarities, such as that they are both of an older generation with evident power and authority. Both have children wishing to overthrow them through mendacity and false assurance. These two characters relate in a much more symbolic way that reveals insight into their foolishness and naà ¯ve sense of entitlement.Lear and Gloucester are symbolically blind to the fact that their children wish to acquire their power for selfish purposes. Edmund, Gloucester’s son without a mother, falsifies his commitment to his half-brother, Edward, when he says â€Å"I hope for my brother’s justification, he wrote this but as an essay of my taste of my virtue,† (Act 1 Scene 2) and Goneril, Lear’s daughter, has him believe she genuinely loves him when she s ays â€Å"Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter,† (Act 1 Scene 1).These instances lead to Lear and Gloucester’s imprudent decisions to act on matters that deserve more substantial evidence. â€Å"Gloucester reacts exactly like Lear, displacing his favor onto an unworthy recipient† (Storozynsky). Neither can see their children for who they truly are, which make it seems as if they the necessities to make rational decisions, hence being â€Å"blind†. When considering the underlying characteristics of Lear and Gloucester, the audience can see two men, who are delusional with power, insecure and illogical. Their uncertainties stem from their children, who they love, but are quick to turn against.Lear turns against Cordelia because she refuses to discuss her love for him and Gloucester, for potentially having a preexisting fear that his children wanted him gone so they could have his power, believes that Edward wants him dead. â€Å"The old men inhabit worlds created by the mind and emotions, but which share some of the features of their actual surroundings: isolation, heights and depths, enclosures and open, empty places,† (Storozynsky). This author compares them to empty places and isolation, which is symbolic of their personality.Neither seems to be relatable to the audience, due to them not having any admirable  traits. Both seem to be shallow characters that lack the confidence that a man of power should carry with him. Lear and Gloucester both use the word â€Å"nothing† frequently in the play and this has a symbolic attachment to it. We see Lear use the phrase â€Å"nothing will come of nothing† (Act 1 Scene 1) while addressing his dissatisfaction with Cordelia. This provides insight into his shallowness because the audience is able to see that Lear expects to be verbally showered with praise. The irony is that Goneril and Regan’s flattering’s lack authenticity and are the true st atements that mean â€Å"nothing.Gloucester’s use of the word comes during his conversation with Edmund. He notices Edmund hiding a letter and says, â€Å"The quality of nothing hath not need to hide itself. † (Act 1 scene 2) Gloucester, like Lear, finds himself gullible to false pretenses. This nothingness they speak of is something that they are displacing onto other people, when in fact, they should be self-assessing themselves for. Their ignorance and assumptive attitudes reflects the reason as to why their personalities are hollow and self-fulfilling. Through Act 1, the audience gets insight into the dramatic irony that is evident in both parallel situations.However, there are four more Acts to King Lear. The newer generations of greedy rulers (Goneril, Regan and Edmund) are expecting to cast out the older generation Lear and Gloucester. Lear, while talking to the fool, realizes that he may have made a mistake by handing down his power to his daughters. He is wor ried about his mental health when he says, â€Å"O, let me not be mad, not mad sweet heaven! † This is a foreshadowing of events to come in the book. Due to the parallel situations that Gloucester and Lear are in, both will continue to spiral down a path of chaos and ignorance. Parallel Situations Drawn Between King Lear and Gloucester In what ways does Shakespeare draw parallel situations between King Lear and Earl of Gloucester, and how are the characters similar in the play (specifically Act 1)?While examining Lear and Gloucester, there are obvious similarities, such as that they are both of an older generation with evident power and authority. Both have children wishing to overthrow them through mendacity and false assurance. These two characters relate in a much more symbolic way that reveals insight into their foolishness and naive sense of entitlement. Lear and Gloucester are symbolically blind to the fact that their children wish to acquire their power for selfish purposes.Edmund, Gloucester’s son without a mother, falsifies his commitment to his half-brother, Edward, when he says â€Å"I hope for my brother’s justification, he wrote this but as an essay of my taste of my virtue,† (Act 1 Scene 2) and Goneril, Lear’s daughter, has him believe she genuinely loves him when she says â€Å"Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter,† (Act 1 Scene 1). These instances lead to Lear and Gloucester’s imprudent decisions to act on matters that deserve more substantial evidence. â€Å"Gloucester reacts exactly like Lear, displacing his favor onto an unworthy recipient† (Storozynsky).Neither can see their children for who they truly are, which make it seems as if they the necessities to make rational decisions, hence being â€Å"blind†. When considering the underlying characteristics of Lear and Gloucester, the audience can see two men, who are delusional with power, insecure and illogical. Their uncertainties stem from their children, who they love, but are quick to turn against. Lear turns against Cordelia because she refuses to discuss her love for him and Gloucester, for potentially having a preexisting fear that his children wanted him gone so they could have his power, believes that Edward wants him dead.â€Å"The old men inha bit worlds created by the mind and emotions, but which share some of the features of their actual surroundings: isolation, heights and depths, enclosures and open, empty places,† (Storozynsky). This author compares them to empty places and isolation, which is symbolic of their personality. Neither seems to be relatable to the audience, due to them not having any admirable traits. Both seem to be shallow characters that lack the confidence that a man of power should carry with him.Lear and Gloucester both use the word â€Å"nothing† frequently in the play and this has a symbolic attachment to it. We see Lear use the phrase â€Å"nothing will come of nothing† (Act 1 Scene 1) while addressing his dissatisfaction with Cordelia. This provides insight into his shallowness because the audience is able to see that Lear expects to be verbally showered with praise. The irony is that Goneril and Regan’s flattering’s lack authenticity and are the true statement s that mean â€Å"nothing†. Gloucester’s use of the word comes during his conversation with Edmund.He notices Edmund hiding a letter and says, â€Å"The quality of nothing hath not need to hide itself. † (Act 1 scene 2) Gloucester, like Lear, finds himself gullible to false pretenses. This nothingness they speak of is something that they are displacing onto other people, when in fact, they should be self-assessing themselves for. Their ignorance and assumptive attitudes reflects the reason as to why their personalities are hollow and self-fulfilling. Through Act 1, the audience gets insight into the dramatic irony that is evident in both parallel situations.However, there are four more Acts to King Lear. The newer generations of greedy rulers (Goneril, Regan and Edmund) are expecting to cast out the older generation Lear and Gloucester. Lear, while talking to the fool, realizes that he may have made a mistake by handing down his power to his daughters. He is wor ried about his mental health when he says, â€Å"O, let me not be mad, not mad sweet heaven! † This is a foreshadowing of events to come in the book. Due to the parallel situations that Gloucester and Lear are in, both will continue to spiral down a path of chaos and ignorance.

Identify and evaluate three credible sources of information on that Essay

Identify and evaluate three credible sources of information on that topic - Essay Example The credibility of these studies is based on the following facts: all three studies are peer reviewed studies, being published in academic journals. This means that these studies have been thoroughly examined as of the accuracy and the quality of the information provided. These studies have been chosen using certain criteria: a) they are published in academic journals, being part of academic literature, b) they are recent; two of them were published in 2012 and one of them was published in 2009; c) they refer to different aspects of the subject involved, i.e. of mass media, so that the particular subject is explored as effectively as possible. Academic and professional research must use credible sources since they need to lead to the development of accurate assumptions in regard to the issues under examination. Online library offers a critical advantage, compared to the search engines, in regard to academic and professional research: studies available through the online library have been already checked as of their credibility; in this way, valuable time can be saved in checking the credibility of resources required for developing an academic research project. Moreover, online library offers the option to set exact criteria in regard to the material required. In search engines such features are not available while if existed cannot perform effectively. Hongcharu, B. & Eiamkanchanalai, S. (2009). A Comparative Study Of Traditional Mass Media, The Internet And Mobile Phones For Integrated Marketing Communications. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 7(12), 31-40. Soomro, Y., Hameed, I., Butt, A. & Shakoor, R. (2012) Significance of Internet Marketing in Promoting Consumer Goods in Subcontinent. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(13),

Make it more persuasive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Make it more persuasive - Essay Example Another aspect to consider while making the proposal more convincing is ensuring that the project is the head of the program. The main reason for a project to be ahead of schedule is to ensure that there would enough time to make amendments before the deadline in case of any anomaly. However, I would ensure that the costs are reasonable and leave a generous allowance just in case the prices changes. Consequently, the proposal should indicate any unexpected good or bad news (Sant 2012). Nevertheless, to ensure that the plan incorporates all the above elements, I have to ensure that the proposal is attractive, and it should reflect the actual project. Moreover, I would use an authoritative tone and avoid a casual appearance of the project. Similarly, I would use a positive accent while writing the proposal. While stating figures of the costs, I would support the generalizations with facts. For example, I would provide facts for the revenues of the corporation and the membership dues. There should be a proper balance between tasks: the tasks, which the project has accomplished, and the ones that should be accomplished. Finally, a summary and the appraisal should be independent; I would ensure they satisfy the

Psychological Experience of Colonialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychological Experience of Colonialism - Essay Example On the other hand, those who resist the new order are often isolated into lonely lives from the rest in desolate lives. Colonialism had serious psychological effects not only on the colonized, but also on colonizers who did not share the same ideologies with their fellow Europeans. In Burmese Days, Orwell presents an important aspect in Flory’s predicament as an inner struggle between joining the exploitative fellow Europeans and siding with natives. Flory’s inner conflict results from his guilt of being a ‘colonizer’ enjoying many privileges at the expense of the exploitation and victimization of the natives. This eventually leads to torturous inner conflict after which Flory commits suicide. This suggests when an individual is overwhelmed by their inner conflict and is helpless in solving them, they lose their essence and the only resolution to such a predicament is death. Flory is much awake to the economic motives of colonialism and is strongly opposed to it, denying it in his mental level, but unfortunately the conflict is just trapped in his mind and; he sometimes acts like the same colonizers. Importantly, fighting and rejecting the status quo seldom leads to redemption, but leads him to be more caged, as Flory is observed lonely with only a few friends. This is the painful but conscious choice taken by an individual due to their awareness of the exploitative nature of colonialism Ironically, Flory lastly portrays his exploitative nature through sexual abuse of Burmese women as he dumps and sacks his mistress, Ma Hla May, for interfering in his relationship with Elizabeth, and for being a financial burden to him, after exploiting her for sexual favors. Flory’s give and take relationship with his Ma Hla May signifies how colonizers treat the colonized, characteristic of how the whites exploited Burma for economic benefit but left after becoming a financial burden after the Second World War Similar to how Burma is of no im portance in the colonizer’s eyes, Ma Hla May is devoid of value and identity in Flory’s eyes as she is discarded easily like an object. Therefore, Flory does not fit well in the colonizer’s framework as brought out by Memmi as he neither fully condemns nor supports the exploitative nature of the colonizers. The painful inner conflicts are not a preserve of the colonizers as the colonized similarly face such strong internal struggles, leading to negative perception of self. In Not out of Hate, Way Way best exemplifies serious inner struggles resulting from exploitation by the colonizer. Way Way is submissive and passive, conforming to the expected colonizer- colonized system where the colonizer has the right to make all decisions, though she suffers serious inner conflicts as her desires are not in tandem with the system. Way Way finds U Saw Han to be over controlling, which leads her to feel depersonalized, in which her life has to revolve around performing role s and responsibilities around and according to him. Way Way increasingly feels caged as she lives her life different from her desires and will. This crushes her so much that he loses touch with herself and in fact she is so depersonalized such that her identity is not different from U Saw Han. Way is not just passive in the whole predicament, but struggles greatly with her internal conflict. She even had sought solace at the monastery after her

Why Death Penalty is Right Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why Death Penalty is Right - Research Paper Example Koch presented a stronger argument than Bruck because of his strong use of logos, ethos, and pathos to support the fairness of death penalty, while Bruck failed to respond to the problem of preventing violent crimes. Furthermore, I argue that death penalty is right because the slight rise in violent crime rates justifies the need for capital punishment and anyone who murders or rapes another person has forsaken his/her right to live in a civilized society. Koch (1985) used sufficient logical appeals, through statistics and reason, to argue that death penalty is morally justifiable, while Bruck did not properly respond to the concern of resolving violent crimes. Koch (1985) used adequate statistics to prove that death penalty is suitable to the U.S. He mentioned that the murder rate increased by â€Å"122 percent between 1963 and 1980,† while the â€Å"murder rate in New York City increased by almost 400 percent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Koch, 1985, para.6). The statistics underscored that America is a unique case because of its high violent crime rate that death penalty can decrease. Furthermore, Koch (1985) persuaded the audience through the reason that, without death penalty, more people will die if these killers are out in the streets. By describing that Shaw killed people even before he was executed (para.2), Koch (1985) underlined that punishing Shaw by death penalty surely ended his ability to kill. Without the presence of these mu rderers, lives are spared in the process. Bruck (1985), on the opposite, did not respond on how to stop violent crimes. He mentioned that imprisonment is enough to stop murderers, but how about those who were later on released due to lack of evidence or poor handling of the justice system? Bruck (1985) did not satisfy the audience in finding a proper resolution that can truly end violent crimes for good.

Middle Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Middle Class - Essay Example In the British Social Attitudes review of 1996, two-thirds, of respondents decided "there is single law for the rich and single for the poor" while 87% alleged that " the space between those with and lofty earnings is excessively great". However many scholars have disputed that, in its sternest wisdom, class in Britain is at the present dead and some have yet disputed that it is dead in any hypothetical sagacity. But I will disagree that no matter class no further lives in Britain but there is a sturdy practical function to play of class in Britain. Haralambos, M., et al (2000, Pg 34-35) proposes that any evaluation of "the demise of class" has got to start with the explanations of class itself, and of what people are accurately signifying when they declare it is "dead". Conventionally, class examination has been tear into strong and weak structures." Strong" class study, connected originally with Marx, assumes a holistic advancement: class is or was an untailored feature in chronological modification and the on the whole organization of the public. Karl Marx (1818-1883) a German, but worked in London from 1849 onwards wrote on class in the 1840s and all the way through to the 1860s and 1870s. In his vision, a class is distinct as an assembly, " in itself" and "for itself", as a socio-economic group with a communal uniqueness and a common biased accomplishment. "Weak" class theories, on the other hand, mainly prejudiced by the effort of Weber, are predominantly positional, spotlighting on empirically recognizing groups with ass ured other individualities in general. Max Weber (1864-1920) again a German wrote on class from 1910-1920. He tends to spotlight not just on possession of assets but also manage, and on individuals market capability - their profitable skills in the labor market. Weber says class is connected to dissimilarities that have their foundation in the workings of entrepreneurship and the market place. For Weber an individual's class is associated openly to his/her "market condition". It is imperative to divide two correlated but dissimilar points enclosed within "the death of a class" dispute. One advises that Modern Britain is classless - in additional words any known person's ability of accomplishment in society is no longer strong-minded by their societal class, as cleared by either of the observation above. The other spot suggests that class is no longer helpful as an investigative notion. Both of these visions hold grave faults. Myths of Classlessness Before I begin the historical account, a

Gender Roles in Socialization Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender Roles in Socialization Process - Essay Example Some brands even have gender-specific designs on their diapers: rocket ship details and ribbon details for boys and girls, respectively. Then of course, when the baby grows a bit, the hairstyles can be more telling as well. As in boys should have short ones and the girls should have long ones. These are also part of the gender socialization process, and ironically, the baby, being the participant in the whole interaction thing, does not even know that he is being conditioned to be a â€Å"boy† according to society’s definitions. I’m sure it occurred similarly for me. As a boy growing up, I have been conditioned to like the certain things that boys are supposed to like: toy cars, action figures and the like. I might not know what color my baby things were when I was an infant but I am quite sure that they were not pink. Society has a very strong influence on a person’s gender socialization process. Not only they are the first ones to take on the child’s first gender identification process, but they also reinforce it. Schools, the community, and peers also influence the child too. I am thankful that my family, even if they are traditional, is not as strict with their expectations of me as a boy growing up. Sure, I have been exposed to â€Å"boy† objects and activities that are essentially rough and tumble in nature - and labeled for â€Å"boys†. I have had friends who were from the opposite sex when I was growing up, but then as a young boy, we did not play together not because we were forcefully separated because of our genders; we simply had different toys. I think this is because of the society’s strong influence on the gender differentiation. This influence is even felt in the workplace, or at least when one working. There are expectations for me at work, as I am a man and a manager in a dental office. Although most employees in our office are females, the manager (me) is a man.  

Imperialism and Manhood Essay Example for Free

Imperialism and Manhood Essay Study question 1. 2. 3. To Roosevelt, the idea of race suicide was closely interlinked to manhood. Not only would the American men face competition from immigrant workers and be unable to provide for more children: thus leading to an excess of inferior immigrants but the American man would also be related to the impotent American man, unable to create more children. This would lead to the race’s elimination Race and Immigration 1. It allowed individuals to distinguish and separate themselves from immigrants thus creating a barrier that showed them as undesirable. 2. Certain policies and laws were created to separate the Chinese from other groups: Chinese Exclusion Act. 3. This act set a precedent on the treatment of other foreigners that would enter America. Urban Politics and Culture 1. It is preferable to have a community that has a degree of refinement than to live in one that is full of poverty. 2. The wealth should be divided amongst the immediate family to a degree that does not surpass them into leading unfulfilling and lazy lives. The rest should be distributed for the benefit of society. 1. Having undergone poverty himself, Riles shows stereotypes but presents them in an entertaining way to the audience. Also he mentions the roles these different cultures play in merging with the American way of life. 2. Riis and Carnegie are similar in their opinion that the poor exist and cannot be ignored but it is only the rich who can provide them with relief. Cultural Encounters in the Far West 1. The Bison went into extinction because of the cold and droughts bought in by the changing environment and human influence which resulted in colonial expansion that bought in new diseases and animals. 2. It was not the nomads alone who hunted the bison. They sold the animals to the Euro-American invaders. 1. Blacks could not vote unless their grandfathers had not been voters before the Civil War, literacy tests had to be passed, fees was charged for voting and democrats (always white individuals) were the only ones allowed to vote. 2. The South contained individuals who had the deepest hatred for the blacks which led the lynching in this area to be the worst. 3. Separate schools, hospitals, accommodations and even entrances were given to the two groups. Often enough the blacks were provided no facilities by certain states. 4. They decided to test out the marginzalation itself by acts like the one committed by Homer A Plessy Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia Website 1. Minstrels would perform music with black faced performers in the quest to ridicule black people. Also caricatures were made which were printed in novels and plays. 2. Churches taught that blacks were inferior. Politicians gave speeches supporting segregation and writers also wrote against the black man.

The Paradoxical Twins Acme and Omega Electronics Essay Example for Free

The Paradoxical Twins Acme and Omega Electronics Essay From reading this case study I found that Acme and Omega have problems that need to be looked at. Both firms produce similar products and offer similar services. In this assignment I am going to analyse the forms of control used in Acme and Omega. I will also try and comment on both firms effectiveness. I will try to be thorough as possible. I will first begin to give brief background information on both companies and then try to compare them to one another and try to comment on their effectiveness to the full. To end it I will give my conclusion. From looking into Acme I gained knowledge that its president John Tyler is a very tough going individual. He is portrayed to be an autocratic individual. I say this because he tends to communicate in one way, for example what he says goes. He makes all the decisions and gives out all instructions and orders, expecting them to be obeyed, without question. An employee/ manager categories the president as one man band. He feels that John Tyler should try and give more information rather than giving orders. He also does not take suggestions from people. To me it looks as if there is a slight communication problem. There are times when I wished I had little more information about what is going on. This shows Acme employees are kept in the dark Mushroom management Keep the troop in the dark and pile on the _ _ _ _(work). The managers also feel that they need a little more freedom at work. This shows that John Tyler may be pressurising them constantly. To back up my point some of the managers voiced the desire to have a little more latitude in their jobs The president also is made to look like a tough person and runs the firm well in terms of high standards and good production levels. Managers feel that he runs a tight ship. This shows that he wants everything correct and dead on. This on the other hand shows that Acme has good control and is well structured. Acme is a flat and formal structured organisation, this is an advantage as it is easier to spot problems i.e. communication problem, shows how different sections of the firm relate to each other, it shows who is in charge, who makes and carries the decisions and shows individuals where there positions in the firm is. Having a flat structure makes it quicker to solve problems, less roumous and gossip. Tyler seems like a very confident and strong minded person We have been able to beat Omega regularly for the most profitable contracts thereby, increasing our profits. John Tylers attitude resembles F.W Taylor (1911) views. He believed that these 5 principles increased production: 1. A clear division of tasks and responsibilities between management and workers 2. Use of Scientific methods to determine the best way of doing a job. Read more:Â  The Paradoxical Twins ACME and Omega Electronics 3. Scientific selection of the person to do the newly job. 4. The training of the selected worker to perform the job in the way specified. 5. Enthusiastic co-operation with the workers to ensure that the work was performed in accordance with scientific management principles and this was secured by use of economic incentives. John Tyler carries out methods and procedures the classical way. From reading inside Omega I found that the president Jim Rawls did not believe in organisational charts/ structures. Organisation charts just put artificial barriers between specialists who should be working together. Although I think that Omega is a matrix organisation. I feel that not having an organisational structure does not clearly show what position the employee has in the firm, therefore causes problems within the work force as workers will work in any department. This means that the individual may feel that s/he does not have full responsibilities. The worker also would not have a clear job description, this may effect the firms effectiveness. To back up my point of workers not having a clear job description a worker said When I first got here I wasnt sure what I was supposed to do. One day I worked with some mechanical engineers the next day I helped the shipping department design some packing cartons. This overall can cause low working standards and low morale- low production output. Jim Rawls felt that having an organisational chart would create problems between specialists. I also deduced that Omega had no clear form of communication. I say this because he does not allow written memos, he expressed the plant is small if people want to communicate they can just drop by and talk things over. Employees of Omega complained that this was a waste of time. To me passing round is time consuming and gives workers excuse of talking to one another, this slows down production and performance. Also messages can be misleading if someone passes the wrong message out. This can also cause problems as workers will not get the correct information. Most decisions at Omega were made by the management team. Acme has an organisation structure therefore communication is good although there are improvements that need to be made like the way John Tyler communicates with his managers. Whereas Omega has no structure therefore is causing problems within the firm. Ames president is a person who wants everything perfect. He believes his firms greater effectiveness to his mangers is to run a tight ship. This I think is because his firm would have: * Good control * Good communication * Dept functions * Well structured and organised * Has simple reporting relationship * Concentration on skills. This shows Acmes president has a firm grip whereas Omegas president does not, he seems to be more laid back. Acmes president is autocratic leader as he does what he wants and does not take other workers/ mangers opinions or suggestions into consideration. The advantage of an autocratic style is known as efficient and it is essential in some circumstances. Autocratic leadership produces quicker decisions, however the autocratic style creates frustrations and resentment. Whereas Omegas president is a democratic leader, as he seeks the opinions and suggestions of workers. This shows that he shows interest in his workers. Although he sometimes spends too much of his time informing workers of information. Omegas decisions are made by management team whereas Acmes decisions are made by the president. Acmes president demands rather than speak politely demanded that Mechanical Engineering begins building those damn chassis. On the other hand Jim Rawls spends too much of his time listening to suggestion Jim spends too much time and mine making sure everyone understands what were doing and listening to suggestions. From reading the part where both firms are trying to reach the deadline of completing the units on time and successfully I can comment on both firms. I think Acme did well because of the way they communicated. For example John Tyler sent out a memo to all departments stating the critical time constraints of this job and how he expected that everyone would perform as efficiently as they had in the past. This showed that Tyler was controlling his employees. Although John Tyler put a lot of pressure on his employees. Because Acme had a structure, this allowed them to be well organised, therefore helped and keep everything in control. Whilst trying to complete the units John Tyler and the Head of Industrial Engineering fell into a dilemma. dont bother me with method details now. The Head of Industrial then replies if my boss think our output is needed, to hell with him!. This shows that they both cant work well and communicate with each other. This to me seems like both of these individuals are not working together very professionally. The foreman also didnt listen to the method engineers therefore this slowed down Acme from completing the units. When the units were completed John Tyler should have checked more than just one component as this was not very professional. Acmes president needs to consider taking his workers opinions and suggestions. He should try to talk to them rather than demanding on what he wants. From looking at the way Omega was preparing to complete the units for the photocop ier Jim Rawls gave good advise compared to Tyler. Jim Rawls did not pressure his workers but told his workers what to prepare for. He outlined what the job involved and discussed what was to be started on. Omegas workers seemed to be very organised and methodical, they worked well and communicated well with each other compared to Acmes workers. For example when they decide to check the blue prints all of the engineers agreed after checking and rechecking the blue prints. To back up that they worked well together as a team people from Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering spent Monday night redesigning the cable. This relates to R. Likert 1961. He believed that the structure of an organisation should be formed around effective work groups rather than individuals. He proposed the concept of the overlapping group membership structure. This involved a linking pin process in which the superior member of one group was subordinate member of group above. Likert argued that the benefits of such an organisations design include improved communication increased co- operation and more team commitment and faster decision making. Overall I think Acme got the contract due to many reasons, for example Acme had a structure therefore made it look like Acme has good control. Acme also may have been given the final contract because of there past, as they achieved grater net profit than Omega Acme was consistently more effective than Omega and regularly achieved greater net profit. Acmes annual sales was also higher than Omegas. Acmes president was also a very confident and demanding man therefore it makes the firm look strong Tyler was very confident that had the demand not been so great, its competitor would not have survived. In the end Acme reduced there costs by 20% therefore the photocopier manufacture gave them the contact as it would have been more cheaper to buy units. Omega could have used the same tactics/methods but this may not have been the only thing that could have given them the contract. Things that I could suggest that may have given them the contact would be if they were a larger firm with a clear structure to show that they have some sort of control.

Tora! Tora! Tora! | Historical Errors

Tora! Tora! Tora! | Historical Errors The movie Tora! Tora! Tora! Was meant to be a historically accurate movie but the movie had mistakes in it. Several factor mainly this movie being about the Japanese made me choose it. The Director Richard Fleischer came to making this film in kind of a weird way. Tora! Tora! Tora! Doesnt show any real bias toward the Japanese or the American sides. The film did a great job in the way reflect the time period in which it was made. This movie had a bunch of factual errors in it for being a historical movie. I think the thing that the Author Richard Fleischer was trying to prove was that the director was trying to show a real actuate idea of what happened in Pearl harbor without any Opinion getting in the way. The film starts with Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto being appointed to command the Japanese First Fleet and Admiral Husband E. Kimmel to be in command the United States Pacific Fleet located in Pearl Harbor. There are alternating scenes between events in Japan, Hawaii and Washington D.C. The scenes with the Japanese are spoken in Japanese and have English sub-titles. In the begging there are scenes that show a lot of Tension between the US and Japanese Military. While W Tensions rise between the two countries and the two sides are finding no diplomatic solution war with the U.S. becomes inevitable Admiral Yamamoto makes attack plans in an event that the Japanese Armys leaders prevail. At the same time U.S. military strategists and intelligence monitor Japanese military activity and communications, trying to predict Japans future plans. Later in the film, the Japanese Navys strategy and plans of the are being intercepted by a large number of officers the American military in Hawaii and the politicians and the secret service men in Washington D.C. When the Japanese fleet sails towards Hawaii, they receive a message called Climb Mt. Niitaka, which authorizes the attack to proceed. In Hawaii Kimmel gives orders to his aircraft carriers to go out to sea in order to prepare for Japanese fleet movements in the Pacific. Kimmel decides to leave all of the slower battleships in Pearl Harbor. On December 7, 1941 before dawn the Japanese launch their attack from six carriers northwest of Oahu. When the sun rises over the Hawaiian Islands the Japanese air commander gives the felt a message Tora, Tora, Tora which meant that no U.S. air support has noticed and that the American fleet knows nothing of the upcoming ambush. There were several reasons why I chose this movie. One of them was that it had to do With Japanese things and I like Japanese things. The fact that this film is made by an American person and a Japanese person made it interesting to me. Also the fact that I wanted to get an idea of what happened in Pearl Harbor. These things made me choose my movie. The Director Richard Fleischer came to making this film in kind of a weird way. At first he wanted to make a documentary of Hitler and Nazi Germany. And then he took at Japan but he knew very little about Japan and how it worked. So he started researching about Japan and became fascinated by their culture. So he decided that he was going to make a documentary about Japan. This Documentary won an Academy award for the best feature film of the year. After that He made another Film on Japan with Elmo Williams that he was proud of. So after that he worked with some Japanese film director to make Tora! Tora! Tora! This film was made in a weird way by Richard Fleischer.( Fleshicer, Richard) This Movie really doesnt show any bias to the Japanese or the Americans. The main reason for this is that the Japanese part where made by a Japanese film director and the American parts were made by Richard Fleisher, so there was no bias of either side. Also bloth directors where only showing their own country so there wouldnt be one directors opinion getting in the part of the other county. Also both film directors tried to make the film as historically accurate as possible so there wasnt any option in the movie. Tora! Tora! Tora! Doesnt have bias view points in either the American parts. Or the Japanese parts. The film does a great job in the way reflect the time period in which it was made. Most of the things such as the type writer room, the way the people dressed, and the war things like plans and battle ships where all correct. They were off on a couple things like the angled run ways ever were there they only had the straight ones back then. So for the most part they got the things that happen back then right with a few mistakes. This movie had a ton of factual errors in it. In one of the scenes there was a damaged B-17 bomber that had a zero on its tail and the tower told it to go around. This would happen because a B-17 cant out run a zero, he would have just landed and get the hell out there as fast as possible. Another Mistake was that the first time you see Washington DC one of the building is the Museum of American history, this wasnt built until 1959. Another one like I said before was that the since with the Japanese fighter taking off on the angled deck. During the war they only had straight decks the angled one didnt come until after the war. Then there was the time where the when the Japanese planes arrived at Hawaii. They flew into the mountainous area near Schofield Barracks. Problem was that there was a white cross memorial that identifies the location of first appearance of the Japanese planes on Oahu. (Snadys, Jon) Obviously it couldnt have been there during the attack. Also with the since with the Japanese sub and the American destroyer the destroyer show was a much newer one the real one was one back from World War One. One other mistake is that the radar show in movie at Ahou point was not the right one. The real was a newly devolved scr-270. When the Japanese planes where taking off there were a bunch of different planes such as the Zero, Kate, and Val but the only planes deployed at first where the Zeros and then the other planes took off.( Westerman , Olav). Another Mistake is when Yamamoto is Another error is that some of the Japanese bombers are seen with only a pilot when they would also have a gunner and a radio operator. he is wearing bars like American officers when Japanese officers wear medals. Before the attack the bugler blows a correct call but in the real life the flag must be raised before the bugler blows. Also during the attack Doris Miller was on the USS West Virginia during the attack but in the movie he was on the USS Arizona. (Myserty Of Pearl Harbor) Another error is that some of the Japanese bombers are seen with only a pilot when they would also have a gunner and a radio operator. In the movie there was very little some compared to the real attack. Also the since where the b-17 bomber had trouble landing was wrong during the real attack none of the planes had trouble with their landing gear. During the attack on Pearl Harbor when the Japanese attack a band on the deck that is playing the Star Spangled Banner just plays the song faster, obviously in real life any sane person would stop and man their battle stations. The movie misquoted admiral Yamamoto famous speech about the chances of success with the war with America the movie said If we must, we can raise havoc with them for a year after that, I can guarantee nothing. While in real life he said I can run wild for six months after that, I have no expectation of success. ( iMDb) A movie about Pearl Harbor without opinion or bias was Richard Fleischers goal. Several factors mainly this movie being about the Japanese made this movie my choice. The Director Richard Fleischer came to making this film in kind of a weird way. Tora! Tora! Tora! Didnt really bias opinions toward the Japanese or the American sides. The film did a great job in the way reflect the time period in which it was made. There was a bunch of factual errors in it for being a historical movie.

Accounting Terms :: essays research papers

The following explanations of terms are presented to aid in understanding the narrative discussions and illustrations included in this text and the terminology generally used in governmental accounting, auditing, financial reporting and budgeting. Because this glossary is reprinted from the Government Finance Association's Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting, the terms and explanations have not been modified to reflect specific Texas school district issues, etc. Synonyms for specific terms also may be presented in this appendix. In such instances, the abbreviation "syn." is used before the term. ACCOUNTABILITY. Being obliged to explain one's actions, to justify what one does. Accountability requires governments to answer to the citizenry-to justify the raising of public resources and the purposes for which they are used. Governmental accountability is based on the belief that the citizenry has a "right to know," a right to receive openly declared facts that may lead to public debate by the citizens and their elected representatives. [SGAC1] ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES BOARD (APB). Authoritative private-sector standard-setting body that preceded the FASB. The APB issued guidance in the form of Opinions. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (AcSEC). An AICPA committee that is authorized to issue Practice Bulletins. A Practice Bulletin specifically targeted to state and local governments and cleared by the GASB would enjoy "level 2" status on the hierarchy of authoritative sources of GAAP established by SAS No. 69, The Meaning of "Present Fairly in Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" in the Independent Auditor's Report. ACCRUAL BASIS OF ACCOUNTING. A method of accounting that recognizes the financial effect of transactions, events, and interfund activities when they occur, regardless of the timing of related cash flows. ACQUISITION COSTS. Term used in connection with public-entity risk pools. Costs that vary with and are primarily related to the acquisition of new and renewal contracts. Commissions and other costs (e.g., salaries of certain employees involved in the underwriting and policy issue functions, and inspection fees) that are primarily related to contracts issued or renewed during the period in which the costs are incurred are considered to be acquisition costs [SGAS 10] ACTIVITY. A specific and distinguishable service performed by one or more organizational components of a government to accomplish a function for which the government is responsible (e.g., police is an activity within the public safety function). ACTUARIAL ACCRUED LIABILITY. Term used in connection with defined benefit pension plans. That portion, as determined by a particular actuarial cost method, of the actuarial present value of pension plan benefits and expenses which is not provided for by future normal costs.

Brave New World Ultimate Destruction :: Brave New World

Brave New World Ultimate Destruction    In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tries to convey the belief that every invention or improvement for the â€Å"betterment† of mankind is only an instrument for his ultimate destruction. â€Å"We are,† he said, â€Å"on the horns of an ethical dilemma and to find the middle way will require all out intelligence and all out good will.† This goes for all fields of life, medical, technical, social, etc. Not only in the book, but also in real life, one can see that this belief is evidently true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A first example in the book is the process in which babies are â€Å"born.† The intricate fertilizing, decanting, and conditioning processes is directly used to produce and control a 5 caste system in society. Now, this is not a bad idea, other system is flawed. We see this in people like Bernard. An alpha is supposed to be at the top of society being well formed, tall, good looking and intelligent. Bernard however is somewhat shorter and less handsome than the rest of the men in his caste, and therefore is thought of as queer. This inconsistency in the hatching system shows proof that the system is not completely safe or stable, and will in time produce more and more â€Å"social rejects† that can only lead to destroy the system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conditioning process itself is also a good example of how innovation and â€Å"progress† can lead to the destruction of man. John got this in his belief that everyone, no matter how old, was an infant because of the conditioning systems. To truly mature, he thought, one must face suffering and constant cleansing (leading him to his time at the lighthouse). The acceptance and use of the notion that society should be organized by the pleasures of the people is preposterous in that by only living for simple physical pleasure at whatever moment in time it may be, one is stripped of the ability to strive for long-range, true happiness. By breeding a complete society of infants with no concept of planning for a final goal can only end in destruction as it con not support itself if the hand that rocks the cradle, excuse the pun, would happen to waiver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thirdly, in the book, the rationing and use of soma as a release for all people is a big red flashing light on the board of pending social disaster.

Report of Influence Leadership on Apple Inc

Report of influence leadership on Apple Inc | May 5 2011 | This report shows market review, SWOT and PEST of Apple Inc as well as back ground of Steve Jobs- brilliant CEO. It also criticize and relate to leadership theories in his case. | | Contents Introductions3 Findings4 1. Products and services4 2. Market review5 Literature review10 Conclusions15 Recommendations15 References16 Introductions It is obvious to suggest that the success of  a  corporate brand  is based on  many factors  that  impact directly  or indirectly to  delivering the  decision  to build  that success. Human factors, especially  the role of leaderships and  their decision  are  prerequisite  to bring ‘a unique success’  in both  business and  brand reputation. According to Fortune magazine, Apple Inc is â€Å"The Most Admired Company† in the USA in 2010 and becomes a leader in technical rivalry in majority areas such as consumer electronics as well as software products [ (Magazine, 2011) ]. Its success based on creativity and innovation strategies, and a significant advantages which allows the company to occupy the leading positions in the world market is leadership of this Company , specially Steve Jobs- a visionary talents CEO. He has played an important role in the development of the computer company. However, this was also the problem of Apple because of lack of Steve Jobs such as when he got cancer leading to falling down Apple' stock price in the past. So that, The aim of this report will focus on affection of leadership on Apple and how leadership theories relate in this case. This report also shows market review of Apple Inc and recommends for this company . The report based on secondary research (public information on the internet, journals and literature review from books). Laterally, the research will evaluate the fact and key theories in specific circumstance- Apple Inc and Steve Jobs. Findings 1. Products and services In 1976, Apple was co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The Company specializes designs, manufactures, and markets consumer electronics products – personal computers, portable music players, mobile phones – as well as related software, services, and peripherals. Apple sells its products worldwide and provides support through its website . Additionally, Apple distributes digital entertainment content through its iTunes Store. While initially offering only music, the store has grown to include videos, television shows, films, and audio books. Apple's products and services include: * A range of personal computing products including desktop and portable computers. The Company’s desktop computers such as iMac ®, Mac ® Pro and Mac ® mini. Its portable computers include MacBook ®, MacBook ® Pro and MacBook Air ®. * iPod: The iPod was launched as a line of portable digital music players in 2001, a portable entertainment device capable of storing photos and playing video. iPhone: Released in June 2007, the iPhone marked Apple's entry into the rapidly growing Smartphone market. * In January 2010, introduced iPad, a multi-purpose mobile device for browsing the web, reading and sending email, viewing photos, watching videos†¦ etc * iTunes Store: in early 2001, iTunes is a digital media player application used to manage audio and video files. * Apple TV: Launched in 2007, the Apple TV is a dig ital media receiver designed to play content from an Internet media service or any computer running iTunes. AppleCare ® provides a range of support options for the Company’s customers, include assistance that is built into software products, printed and electronic product manuals, online support including comprehensive product information as well as technical aid, and the Apple Care Protection Plan (â€Å"APP†). * The Company offers a range of software products for consumers and creative customers, including the Company’s proprietary Mac OS X and iOS operating system software. Ipad2 Imac Iphone4 Macbook Pro 2. Market review The Company manages its business primarily on a geographic basis. Operating segments consist of the Americas, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific. In September 25, 2010, the Company had opened a total of 317 retail stores, including 233 stores in the U. S. A and 84 stores all over the world, approximately 44% of the Company’s total net sales in 2010 inside the USA. Also, the Company had nearly 46,600 full-time equivalent employees and 2,800 full-time equivalent temporary employees and contractors. It has worldwide annual net sales of $65. 225 billion in 2010. (Inc, 2011) Net sales and Gross margin of Apple Inc in 2008-2009-2010 ($ million) Net sales/ Revenue : during 2010 increased $22. 3 billion, or 52% compared with 2009. Overall, total net sales of Apple increases rapidly, specially in 2010. (Inc, 2011) Expenditure: $1. 8 billion, $1. 3 billion and $1. 1 billion in 2010, 2009 and 2008 to invest development of new innovative products, such as iPhone, iPod, iPad and Macbook. (Inc, 2011) Investment of Apple in 2008-2009-2010( percentage %) * PEST Analysis * Politics Different countries have different policies which some way restrict or give the company chances. The company has to act in accordance with the environment regulations such as environment safe disposal or recycling. Triad , NAFTA and other regions open doors to trade ,otherwise Latin America, Asia offer massive potential. Unstable politics caused terrorism activities are directly impacting the overall business of the company. * Social The growing of computer and internet usage all over the world which are opportunities to develop computer industry. Education issue is put first for new generation which is key element for business of the company. User becomes more knowledgeable and skilled about computer. Economic Impacting from economic crisis leading to low consumers spending, however some signs of improvement appears by increasing of spending and investment of consumers. Currency exchange rate fluctuations and international trade regulations (tariffs and antidumping penalties) may affect products sales. * Technology Advanced in technology quickly and consumers appreciate more ; more advances in their systems. The traditional desktop might become outdated by the entrance of new revolutionary products. Increasing demands for new technology in schools and professionals. * SWOT Analysis * Competitors SWOT and PEST analysis above showed overview criticism about Apple. The company has a good performance, however it also encounters aggressive competitors in all segments of its business. The markets for the Company’s products and services are highly competitive. Because the segments in which the Company competes are characterized by rapid technological advances, including personal computers with its Mac computers; mobile communications and media devices with its iPhone, iPad and iPod product families, and distribution of third-party digital content and applications with its online iTunes Store. For instance : * Personal computers segment: According to Fortune magazine, HP is ranked 2nd in list of World's most admired companies with score 7. 74 , HP's revenue is $126 billion in 2010. (Magazine, 2011) (HP, 2011) * Mobile communications segment: HTC- The world's largest maker of handset using Microsoft Corp. and Google Inc. operating systems. Its products use Google’s Android platform and   Windows Phone 7 software of  Microsoft. Revenue rose to NT$76 billion in third quarter 2010. Businessweek, 2011) * Software segment: Android, the free operating system developed by Google, accounted for a 32 percent share of the U. S. market for Smartphone bought in the past six months of 2010 according to August data from Nielsen Co. * Current and future trends Using Smartphone is increasing today( increased to 29 % in 2010, USA) (Roger Entner, 2011). A growing proportion of younger consumers opt to use their mobile contracts for all telecoms services. The focus of mobile indust ry will be on † platforms†, include operating systems ( iOS of Apple , Android of Google, and Microsoft's Window 7) . The combination of affordable data plan and increasing Smartphone usage would get more people online. Consumers are ready to spend more for their extra functionality, effective and fashionable products. Touch, eye, voice and possibly even brain controllers will be commonplace. It also is future trend for personal computers and portable music players. Literature review As mentioned above , Apple's success base on key point Steve Job- a brilliant CEO. Before analyzing influence of Steve Jobs on Apple and relate it with leadership theories, it is necessary to define leadership and its theories. Definition : Leadership is an interaction between two or members of a group that often involves structuring of the situation and the perceptions, expectation of members. Leaders are agent of change-person whose acts affect other people more than other people's act affect them. Leadership occurs when one group member modifies the motivation or competencies of others in the group. In fact, some peo ple are able to lead naturally while others, leadership skills are built up through hard work and practice. According to Stogdill's studies, there are 5 elements which modify effective leader traits : Capacity, Achievement, Responsibility, Participation, Status. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) In addition, 4 leader decision styles were classified include : Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire, Human relation. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Although, leader's success also depends on how they interact with various circumstances that influence the tasks to be undertaken. A range of researches was pointed out, however some popular theories have known( contingency theories). Firstly, The Fiedler contingency model-matching leader style and situational favorableness factors. It includes (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Task structure – the degree to which the duty are formalised and planned; Position power – the degree of influence a leader has over activities such as recruitment, authority, promotion and increasing salary; Leader-member relations – the degree of confidence, trust and respect inferiors have for the leader . Secondly, Hersey and Blanchard's (1996) situational leadership theory – matching leader behaviours to followers' needs. Based on combinations of the leader's task and relationship behaviours as moderated by the job maturity of followers. (Bloisi et al. , 2007). It includes: Task behaviours – organising and defining roles, structure, channel of communication; Relationship behaviours – relationship with inferiors by opening channel of communication and supporting. Thirdly, Path-goal theory ( House and Mitchell, 1974) : a leader should clarify goals, show acceptable paths for attaining goals, make the path easier to travel, and reward satisfactory performance. (Bloisi et al. , 2007). It includes: Directive leadership (highly task orientated)- provide guidance and how indentified performance standards and time schedules as well as policies; Achievement-orientated leadership (high task and relationship orientated) – challenge purpose is built up, seeks performance upgrading ; Participative leadership ( moderately task and highly relationship orientated ) – consulting with and soliciting the ideas of others in decision-making; Supportive leadership (highly relationship orientated) -concern for the needs and purposes of others and strives to make the work conditions satisfying and equitable. Additionally, there are 2 styles among several leadership styles which modify model of leaders. Firstly, Transactional leadership – using bureaucratic authority and incentives to motivate, focusing on rewards according to Bass theory. Secondly, Charismatic leadership – † heroic † leadership ; the ability to energize interiors through the use of symbols, visionary, stories and rhetoric to achieve at extraordinary levels, typically having a vision and a reason for the future , advanced by Weber (1947). Such information have demonstrated some traits and processes of leadership in an organisation. In fact , they are also traits which fit in Apple case. Its success story began in 1976, when Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniaks launched their own business, the Apple Computer Company, in Jobs' family garage. At that time, he was 21, then by the age of 25 , Jobs obsessed $165 million . The increase of Apple's success quickly which put the first landmark in his line of business. (Campbell, 2011) In 1985, he got out of the way of Apple when John Sculley , who came from Pepsi-Cola, had joined. Four years later, Jobs came back with another company, NextStep which achieved far away from the success of Apple but it recalled people that he would continued in his way. Later, he secondly started with his participation in Pixar- the animation company he purchased from the Star Wars director, George Lucas. The first success of Pixar is movie Toy Story which lead to its position as one of the key player in Hollywood, then launching movie Finding Nemo. Its success made Jobs a billionaire and prepared for his coming back Apple in 1997. Within one year , the ailing company was once more making huge profits. However, his journey didn't stop at that point. Since the combination of high-speed Internet and the music industry has opened a new segment for getting profit by downloading music . Jobs believe that iTunes is the answer. Additionally, Ipad2 is leader in digital book and tablet segment now. (Campbell, 2011) Steve Jobs is really an effective leader, an important person in development of Apple. In many way , his traits fit in charismatic leadership. Firstly, an ideology is showed clearly, often using labels and slogans, He offered a vivid and positive image of the future. For instance, he used the slogan as well as the iconic logo of the Mac team:† Pirates! Not the Navy â€Å"to build up Mac team( a group specializes design new products) (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 38). Being pirate, employees should think differently and act as revolution. His goal and passion are perfect products. He concerned about every details of products carefully until it was launched. This is an ideological image which he and his team follow, becomes a motivation in the whole company. By articulating an ideological vision and recruiting a number of talents who share the values of the vision, he develops the company. Secondly, he showed clear structure to reach his goal as well as increases positive values and suggest linkages between expected behaviors from interiors with his vision of the future. For example, he formed the Mac group would never raise more than a hundred people because it was easy to fall into the danger of free flowing of ideas, barriers of communication among employees. He had a plan to guarantee everyone has the same wavelength and the same direction, setting a standard of doing each task for each staff (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 38). He ordered the team to create a whole new prototype of the computer using different chip, the Motorola 68000, which featured a lager memory. Another case, he forced people do his direction by calling meetings, setting new paths, adding new people into Mac team to move the cursor with some kind of control device . It led to moving the cursors with the mouse , clicking o make collection, dragging a file or icon (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 15). That was the fundamentals of the way we use computers today. Also, he was always finding for something specific from each group to link the quality he wanted. He brought out the creative talent in several people and guided them to work in harmony as well as encouraged open discussion. These characters also fit with Task behaviors of Hersey and Blanchard theory and Task structure of Fielder theory. Because both theories are quite similar , they show clear structure and aim to lead employees follow. H In fact, effective leader does not rely on one leadership style to manage company. Transaction leadership style also contain in this case. He has focused on achieving the tasks at hand. Jobs has got things done by making, and fulfilling, promises of recognition, and advancement for employees who have performed well. By contrast, employees who do not do good work are penalized. This promise and reward for good performance, or threat and discipline for poor performance. For example, he set up product retreats into the actual work agenda, opening them every three months for the whole growing Mac team. Every member was expected to be present. One by one, each team manager for hard ware, soft ware, marketing, sales, finance, PR would present a brief status report and time line , explaining where they were in term of agenda. If their team was falling behind , they would be criticized and given some suggestions for how they could overcome (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 43). Everybody was free to give suggestions. Besides, he decided that the signatures of the engineering team members would be put on the inside of the case of the first Mac. It's also a gift or recognition from him to interiors. Another case, achievement- oriented leadership consist with his traits, he was always discovering imperfections in everything , from the design to the marketing and packaging , to how the product would be promoted and sold. He always asked: † At the first grade level† (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 21) . In a story, he had decided early on that the cell phone being developed at Apple would have only a single button but his engineers couldn't carry out , then, he kept demanding in effect : † The phone will have a single button. Figure it out† (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 23). By high demanding, we have iPhone 4 with only a single button today. In addition, he is autocratic decision style because he always gave duty for others and decided quickly. However, he is a relation behaviors and supportive leader. He focused on the slogan: † We are all in this together† by bringing people from different aspects to meet each others in celebrations and to make a satisfaction work place such as allowing to work free of usual restrictions (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 40). Apple would become known as a company that celebrated just about everything: meeting goal, sales growth, new product introduction, new key people. In 1981, Bandley Drive building , a part of the center was a large atrium (Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011, p. 50). It had a piano, video games huge fridge stocked with bottles of fruit juice . It was quickly became a place for the employees to meet and hang out. Finally, his case consist with leader member relations theory. Because of all of his passion and actions , followers have a strong respect and trust to him. Talents would be attracted by talents, that is explanation for Why Apple attracted many genius engineers and developed nowadays. At last but not least, that is the innovation of Steve Jobs in the whole business context. Technologies which he developed and advanced in NextStep and Pixar were applied on Apple Inc. That is really a basic for Apple's success . He always plays an important role in making right decision as the statement about leader and manager : Leader do the right thing , manager do the thing right. (Bloisi et al. , 2007) Conclusions Steve Jobs is criticized as an effective leader in the world. His famous and the well known of Apple remain together and will keep an important position in world trade. He is a part of success of Apple Inc and a leader in significant decision of development of his company. Understanding Apple Inc case and its market as well as an important leader- Steve Jobs will make us be aware of some traits of leadership in many theories deeply. His leadership style are : Task behaviors of Hersey and Blanchard theory and Task structure of Fielder theory, Charismatic leadership and Transaction leadership as well as Relation behaviors and Supportive leader. So that, it is realization that an successful leader always exists different leadership styles. Leaders always change their leadership style flexibility which is suitable for each task and each circumstance. Recommendations A part of the success of Apple based on Steve Jobs but it is dangerous if lack of this key leader. Besides, Job also shows that he is impatient person. So, it is considered seriously that Apple should give structure and motivation for employees as well as the whole company clearly and make it become tradition. Also, it is necessary to improve workplace such as improving workplace conditions in China and invest more in charity segment as Microsoft. It is useful to promote Apple's image. References Bloisi, W. , W. Cook, C. ; L. Hunsaker, P. , 2007. Leadership. In K. Reade, ed. Management and Organisational Behaviour. 2nd ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill Education. pp. 652- 672. Businessweek, B. , 2011. Boomberg. [Online] Available at: http://www. businessweek. com/news/2010-10-06/htc-posts-record-revenue-profit-on-android-phones. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Campbell, D. , 2011. Guardian. [Online] Available at: http://arts. uardian. co. uk/features/story/0,11710,1241745,00. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 38. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 21. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Stev e Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 23. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 40. Elliot, Jay; L. Simon,William, 2011. In The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation. New York: Vanguard Press. p. 50. HP, 2011. HP Coporate information. [Online] Available at: http://www8. hp. com/us/en/hp-information/facts. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Inc, A. , 2011. Apple Inc. [Online] Available at: http://www. apple. com/investor/ [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Magazine, F. , 2011. Money. cnn. [Online] Available at: http://money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2010/industries/7. html [Accessed 4 May 2011]. Roger Entner, S. V. P. R. a. I. T. P. , 2011. nielsewire. [Online] Available at:

Week 6 Individual Project

Week 6 Individual Project Introduction A new innovative warehouse system it is been introduced to ease the movement of items in warehouses this system includes autonomous mobile vehicles which will move quickly through the warehouse and load and move orders to the fulfilment platform. An entrepreneur, Dr Ryan O'Neal, and an investor, Jeff Hoffman investing $12 million in this project as a startup capital, Dr O'Neal have a good deal of experience in mobile robotics while Jeff Hoffman is an investor with a rich experience in warehouse management, supply chain management, and fulfillment technologies.As mentioned PMBOK Guide that usually project initiated to achieve organization strategy plans like market demands, business opportunities, technological advancements and customer requests (PMBOK 2008 p. 10) Mission of statement: Sturata Inc. mission is to be the market leader in making innovative operating systems in production warehouses. That will enable our client’s quality produ ction and profitability. And also to concentrate on delivering the best advanced innovative technology with a vision of building up a relationship between humans and machine through our systems and technology. Company goals:With rapid pace of technology business our company Sturata Inc. vision is to be engaged in cooperated global research and building up networks for the development of global markets. Our employees are our main assets to achieve our goals therefore collaborated culture is designed to encourage, develop and enhance their creative ideas to cope up with the fast changing technology business. Company Objectives: The project objective is to launch the product within 10 months from the start of the project. To fulfil the requirement of committed customers in the U. S. in order secure future venture funding. Company philosophy:Our plan to create learning environment to embrace our values and diversity at Sturata Inc. have clear goals and objectives to everybody and encour age collaboration and cooperation among the team members in order to engage them to achieve company goals and objectives. Project Statement To create the start-up company for production and installing autonomous mobile vehicles within 10 months from the start date and the required production operation at a rate of 50 units per week . Company name: Sturata Inc. Company business: Manufacturing and supplier of autonomous mobile vehicles. Company type: joint venture.Company organization structure: functional organization structure. Company location: Vermont, USA Sturata Inc. Company will be setup in Vermont, USA. The initial market for the new company will be inside the United States after that there is an idea of opening a production centre in China. Organization structure: The purpose of the Staffing (resource) management plan is to know and determine the required resources types and quantity for the project (Sanghera, 2010). 1. President and CEO (Chief Executive Officer) Jeff Hoffman strong background in warehouse management, supply chain management. 2.Vice president, engineering and the CTO (Chief Technical Officer) Dr Ryan O'Neal is an expert in mobile robotics 3. Project manager COO (Chief Operating Officer) YNJ has experience in managing projects under different organisational structures as functional, matrix and projectized structures. 4. CFO (Chief Financial Officer) Vacant. 5. VP, Administration. Miss Yamaguchi has earlier experience of setting up two start-ups in cross-cultural configurations. 6. Design and development team which will be contracted through small company called Ryoichi in Tokyo, Japan will be responsible for the design of the autonomous vehicles. . Human resources department. 8. Safety health and environment department 9. Technical and designing department taking care of the quality issues too. 10. Assembling team 11. Finance department 12. Administration and legal department 13. Logistics department 14. Marketing department As stated in PMBOK Guide that â€Å"organizational structure is an enterprise environmental factor which can affect the availability of resources and influence how projects are conducted† (PMBOK 2008 p. 8) so it is vital process in the beginning of any project to build up the right organization structure. I’d rather used projectized structures because such organization supports the direction of this project as indicated by Meredith, J. R. ; Mantel, Jr. , S. J. (2009) that project oriented organization supports the need of fast respond to market, new product development and the confidence of stakeholders in their understanding of their roles , responsibility and the activity control within the organization. In order to integrated the Ryoichi employees into Sturata Inc. rganization two things very important need to be communicated to the team as mentioned by A ; C Black (2007)   * 1st the purpose and the objectives of the team need to be clearly defined and adopted by all team mem bers. * 2nd functions tasks and role of each individual need to be agreed and made clear to him. Sharing the objectives of the company and clarifying the roles and responsibilities for the new team members as a project manager will build up trust between you and the team manages expectations and help in communications too. Schedule 1.Phase 1) Research, Design and Development 2. Phase 2) Production. And production will lag during the first phase. 3. The product needs to be extensively tested in a live warehouse environment before it can be rolled out to the customer sites. 4. The project team needs to be assembled. So employment of project staff needs to start quickly and as soon as they get hired they should start contributing to project work. 5. 1,000 staff-months. will be needed for technical and engineering work. 6. Supply chain management set up should be in place by the end of Phase A.Change ; Risk Management In rapid changing business environment is important to set up a syste m to control all kind of changes that could happen in the project, Baca indicated that there are three different elements related to change management 1st the authority level of the project manager 2nd setting up environment among the project team to accept and know how to deal with change 3rd setting up a change control system involves tracking the change request and how handle all kind of conflicts related to it.. (Baca, C. 2005). Unresolved conflicts can be destructive† as stated by A. ; C. Black. So in order to resolve the conflict between Jeff Hoffman and Dr. O'Neal about Ryoichi first not to personalize the subject, clarify the issue and make the necessary investigation to find the root cause and then make your action plan forward to resolve the conflict. (A & C Black 2007) One of the risks that involved in such project is stress therefor project manager should manage team stress as stated in Emerald Insight Staff. (2005) â€Å"A practical three-step process for managin g workplace stress is: 1.Assess the workplace for factors that contribute to harmful stress. 2. Implement stress. Stress management measures to reduce workplace 3. Monitor the progress and implement adjustments as appropriate. (Cal/OSHA, 1998)† PM has to deal with his stress and his team stress as above mentioned in order not to let it affect his and theirs performance which will lead to project disturbance. Communication plan: In order to manage the project and the team successfully a communication plan should be set to ease the flow of information among the project team members as indicated by A. amp; C. Black â€Å"in your role as team leader it is your responsibility to get everyone pulling in the same direction â€Å"and this can happen when you set some elements like free flow of information, open communication, frequent feedback, meetings and building up a listening culture. (A & C Black 2007) Below is sample of communications styles and frequency should be used throu ghout the project. Stakeholder| Communication style| Frequency| Owners and Sponsor| Progress reports: email| Daily|Sponsor, client and project team| Product reviews meeting| Scheduled | Sponsor, client and project team| Questions/answers: email and cell phone| when needed| Sponsor, client and project team| Progress reports: email| Weekly| Quality plan Product needs to be extensively tested in a live warehouse environment before it can be rolled out to the customers so a well-defined quality plan needs to be established it is important for the company reputation not to hand over bad quality product as stated by Wysocki â€Å"A sound quality management program with processes in place that monitor the work in a project is a good investment.Not only does it contribute to client satisfaction, it helps organizations use their resources more effectively and efficiently by reducing waste and revisions† (Wysocki, 2009 p. 10) Conclusion It is very important to set the right processes a nd clear out company strategies in order to support smooth operation of the company. as such industry are accompanied with continues changes so setting up management and change processes is crucial to the success of the project. References:- * Project Management Institute. 2008) a guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK ® guide). 4th Ed * Sangerah, P. (2010) PMP in Depth: Project Management Professional Study Guide for the PMP Exam: 2nd Edn. Boston:Course Technology * Wysocki, R. K. (2009) Effective Project Management –Traditional, Agile, Extreme. 5th Edn. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing Inc. * Meredith & Mantel, J. R. & Mantel, S. J. Jr. (2009) Project management: A managerial approach. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. * Baca, Claudia. 2005 Project Manager's Spotlight on Change Management.University of Liverpool Online Library [On line] Available from http://site. ebrary. com/id/10131902? ppg=16 (Accessed: 15 March 2013). * A ; C Black (2007) Steps t o Success: Manage Teams Successfully University of Liverpool Online Library [On line] Available from http://site. ebrary. com/id/10196621? ppg=12 (Accessed: 16 Feb 2013). * Emerald Insight Staff. (2005) Stress management. University of Liverpool Online Library [Online]. Pp. 61-65. Available from: http://site. ebrary. com. ezproxy. liv. ac. uk/lib/liverpool/docDetail. action? docID=10149898 (Accessed: 21 March 2013).

Theory of Holism

The theory of General Systems and Holism Biophysically model suggests that the understanding of the illness from the perspective of the mind Is crucial to the complex nature of health. To have a more Len- depth view over the health experiences and the nature of Illness one must add psychological and social factors to the biomedical explanation (Morrison, Bennett, 2012).For example, if we intend to analyze depression only from the biological point IEEE, we would only identify its biomedical causes: the genetics of depression. However, depression, as supported by the research, can be caused by multiple causes such as traumatic event experienced by the individual at the early age, difficult social context, as for instance, lack of social support, etc. Analysis becomes much more complex, but at the same time more profound and complete, when utilizing biophysically model.The development of the biophysically model by Engel in 1974 was contributed to through such theories, as the theory of General Systems and Holism. The theory of General Systems Insists that for a complete understanding of processes, which are occurring Inside a human being, there Is a need to not only look at the Interrelations of enzymes In a cell (biological approach but also think about conscious (cognitive) and unconscious (psychoanalytical)

Parenting Styles and Their Effects on Children Essay

There is a woman in Wal-Mart shopping for groceries. She is a mother with of kids ranging in age from two to ten. The four-year old grabs a pack of cookies off the shelf and places them in the cart. Her mother notices and asks her to put the cookies back. The little girl stomps her feet and begins to scream â€Å"I want cookies! † at the top of her lungs. The other customers stop and stare, anticipating her mother’s reaction. Taking advantage of the crowd, the little girl launches into a full-blown temper tantrum. Feeling the eyes of strangers watching, the mother desperately tries to calm her daughter down. When all else fails, the mother gives in. How should the mother have handled it? What does this say about her style of parenting? â€Å"The idea of being a parent is exciting but it’s a little scary; what if you get it wrong? There’s so much you have to know and so many things you have to decide† (Gurian, 2011). Parenting is arguably the toughest, yet most rewarding full-time occupation. There is no universal manual on how to raise the perfect child or how to be the perfect parent. Parents are responsible for raising a child from birth to adulthood. How a child is raised differs from household to household. What works in one family may or may not work in another. Parenting styles can be based on culture, socioeconomic status, or the kind of parenting the parent received as a child. In the 1960s, a psychologist by the name of Diana Baumrind studied more than one hundred preschoolers. Baumrind identified four significant dimensions of parenting through naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other various research methods. They are warmth and nurturance, communication styles, expectations of maturity and control, and disciplinary strategies (Cherry, 2011). Baumrind is also responsible for identifying the three main parenting styles. Based on her research, others were able to come up with a fourth and highly unfavorable style of parenting. The four styles of parenting are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, negligent or uninvolved parenting (Cherry, 2011). An authoritarian parent enforces rigid rules and demands strict obedience to authority. Children raised in authoritarian households are expected to accept without question what the parents tell them (Coon, Mitterer, Talbot and Vanchella, 2010, p. 91). An authoritative parent is similar to an authoritarian parent when it comes to enforcing rules and establishing guidelines. The children are expected to abide by these rules and guidelines. However, an authoritative parent allows the child to voice his or her opinion making this style more of a democracy than a dictatorship. The child is allowed to make mistakes without the guilt of disappointing the parents. Permissive parents demand very little of their children and rarely discipline them. They are more of a friend than a parent to their child (Cherry, 2011). Negligent or uninvolved parents are unresponsive, uncommunicative, and have few demands. They fulfill the basic needs of children – food, shelter, clothes—but are emotionally detached from their child’s life. They have very little knowledge of what goes on in the child’s world. What effect does the parenting style have on children? Diana Baumrind (2012) researched the qualities of children based on the parental style in their home. Her results are as follows: Authoritative Parenting: †¢lively and happy disposition †¢self-confident about ability to master tasks well developed emotion regulation †¢developed social skills †¢less rigid about gender-typed traits (exp: sensitivity in boys and independence in girls) Authoritarian Parenting: †¢anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy disposition †¢poor reactions to frustration (girls are particularly likely to give up and boys become especially hostile) †¢do well in school (studies may show authoritative parenting is comparable) †¢not likely to engage in antisocial activities (exp: drug and alcohol abuse, vandalism, gangs) Permissive Parenting poor emotion regulation (under regulated) †¢rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged †¢low persistence to challenging tasks †¢antisocial behaviors Dr. Dan Bochner (2012), author of â€Å"The Essentials of Parenting,† states the essentials of parenting are kindness and affection balanced with consistency and firmness. Children need kindness and affection to know that they are loved and that their parents understand mistakes will be made. Consistency and firmness are crucial as well in order to establish rules and guidelines for children to obey. Bochner thoroughly elaborates on how kindness, affection, consistency and balance are necessary when raising a child: * â€Å"Kindness: In essence, kindness involves putting yourself in the shoes of your child, thinking about your child’s motivations or intentions, and realizing that what they’re going through, or the way they’re acting, is related to their age, and the vulnerability of their situation. When we disapprove of a child’s behavior, we are likely to over-react if we see their actions exclusively from the adult perspective. It is common to think children should know better without considering what they are experiencing. When we’re tired or stressed it can intensify a less than empathic reaction. Likewise, when children are acting in ways that we like, we have to remember that their actions require effort on their part, and if we do not demonstrate our appreciation, our children might feel little desire to make similar effort in the future. * Affection: One way that we can show our appreciation is through affection. It feels good to be hugged and snuggled as long as it’s invited. The desire of most children for affection is so great that they’ll often rub up against their parents, or flop into their laps, like hungry kittens. Sometimes children will behave in positive ways just because they want affection. But it is also often the case that a child is in a moment where they want and need independence. It is important for parents to understand the independent spirit of their children and to refrain from being too affectionate when their child desires, or should be developing, independence. As much as a parent must recognize that their child needs affection, they must also realize that holding off on being affectionate might be almost as crucial since a child can perceive overwhelming affection as thwarting independence. Consistency: Consistency is made difficult by our own changing moods and by our differences with our partners. Children are better able to negotiate the family and watch their behavior when parents’ expectations are clear, and the consequences are set for what will occur when expectations are not met. If we are able to remain consistent in spite of stress or unpredictable circumstanc es, we build stability into the family environment. Nothing can be more important than the ability of parents to support one another in their views and their interventions if consistency is to be maintained. The confidence children develop as a result of parental consistency carries over into other parts of life, and into your child’s future. * Firmness: Firmness, of course, goes hand in hand with consistency. When a parent is serious and behaves in accordance with their feelings, children feel it in their bones. This is not a recommendation for angry or mean behavior. Rather, tone of voice, body language and facial expression easily reveal seriousness. Children, who are used to a consistent, yet loving and affectionate, home, know when they should not cross the line. Testing of parental limits occurs with almost all children, but if children know with certainty that parents will stand firm when they’ve had enough, children learn their limits while simultaneously learning the limits they should set in their interactions with others. † Lastly, Dr. Bochner (2012) ties them all together with parents making an effort: * â€Å"Make the Effort: There is one point that is essential to repeat. As a parent it is necessary to make the effort to keep these attributes in mind and in balance. But it is not always going to be easy, and sometimes it may not seem possible. Parents need to give themselves a break when they are impatient or snap in frustration. As long as there is an effort to be kind, affectionate, consistent, and firm, children will get the message that they are loved, valued, and cared for in a consistent and knowable world. If they internalize that message, they will carry it with them throughout their lives, and they will pass it on to the next generation. † Parental styles also come into play when dealing with temperaments of children. Since children in the same household may have different temperaments, it is crucial parents are aware of it and adjust accordingly. The differences in temperament can be detected early in infancy. They are classified as easy, difficult and slow to warm up. Easy children are very adaptable, calm, interested in trying new things, cheerful and usually content. Difficult children are the exact opposite. They are fussy, easily upset, fearful of unfamiliar situations and people, aggressive and have low adaptability. Children that are slow to warm up have a tendency to be shy, somewhat inactive, withdraw or negatively react to new experiences but over time their reactions become more positive ( Gurian 2011). As the children get older, their temperaments change based on their understanding of different situations. For example, before shy children reach adolescence, they are considered a â€Å"slow to warm up† child. Once they are familiar with their new surroundings, they will interact with other children. Parenting is a responsibility that can’t be taken lightly. There is more to being a parent than just conceiving a child. How a child is raised effects their development into adulthood. Most parents raise their kids based on how they were brought up with a few modifications. I was raised in an authoritative household and will raise my kids the same way. Parents strive to give their kids the best life possible and will sometimes go beyond their means to ensure this. Joshua Becker (2012) made a list of ten things all children need that give more to the child than anything of monetary value: love, time/attention, encouragement/affirmation, stability, opportunity, discipline, a good laugh, your lap, room to make mistakes, and hugs/kisses. Proverbs 22:6 states: â€Å"Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it. † The best parents nurture and are not afraid to discipline their kids. They parents teach and instill morals that their children will never forget. As young adults, children will make decisions built on morals and conduct themselves as if their parents are watching. Although they won’t always agree with their parents, they will appreciate how they were raised. Most are thankful their parents were just that – parents- and didn’t try to be their best friend.